PK Ej:
Y Y refs.MYD ? Anon 2006# Renewable Energy: Turning the tides 20 The Engineer Mitigation: Renewables
Wave; wave power; Alternative energy sources; Environmental impact; impact; Tidal; hydroelectric; Technology;
Periodical Jun 19, 2006 While the ability of nuclear power to fulfil the UK's spiralling energy demands is undisputed, the renewables 'death knell' is both premature and inaccurate. A consortium of UK engineering companies is proposing a multi-billion pound renewable project that, it claims, could generate 17TWh a year, meeting 5% of the country's annual electricity demands. The Severn Tidal Power Group (STPG) claims that the structure will exploit the unique tidal conditions of the Severn estuary, where a difference of 14m between high and low tides gives it the second highest tidal range in the world. The scheme has provoked some much publicised criticism from environmentalists who fear that it would destroy the habitat of many of the rare wading birds that live on the mudflats upstream of the barrage. On the face of it, however, it's a project with many more benefits than disadvantages, said STPG spokesman Roger Hull
[ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1064389491&sid=1&Fmt=3&client"
? Allen, J.R.L.
Haslett, S.K. 2006 Granulometric characterization and evaluation of annually banded mid-Holocene estuarine silts, Welsh Severn Estuary (UK): coastal change, sea level and climate 1418-1446 Quaternary Science Reviews 25 13-14 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Severn; holocene; Transgression; sea-level; palaeoenvironments; palaeoclimate; Climate change; reconstruction; tidal systems; Holocene silts (salt marshes) and highest intertidal-supratidal peats are superbly exposed on a 15 km coastal transect which reveals two laterally extensive units of annually banded silts (Beds 3, 7) associated with three transgressive-regressive silt-peat cycles (early sixth-early fourth millennium BC). Bed 3 in places is concordantly and gradationally related to peats above and below, but in others transgresses older strata. Bed 7 also grades up into peat, but everywhere overlies a discordance. The banding in Bed 3 at three main and two minor sites was resolved and characterized texturally at high-resolution (2.5/5 mm contiguous slices) using laser granulometry (LS230 with PIDS) and a comprehensive scheme of data-assessment. Most of Bed 3 formed very rapidly, at peak values of several tens of millimetres annually, in accordance with modelled effects of sea-level fluctuations on mature marshes (bed concordant and gradational) and on marshes growing up after coastal erosion and retreat (bed with discordant base). Using data from the modern Severn Estuary, the textural contrast within bands, and its variation between bands, points to a variable but overall milder mid-Holocene climate than today. The inter-annual variability affected marsh dynamics, as shown by the behaviour of the finely divided plant tissues present. Given local calibration, the methodology is applicable to other tidal systems with banded silts in Britain and mainland northwest Europe. \ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745862332&partner=40&rel=R5.0.4 ? f Carling, P.A.;
Radecki-Pawlik, A.;
Williams, J.J.;
Rumble, B.;
Meshkova, L.;
Bell, P.;
Breakspear, R.; 2006j The morphodynamics and internal structure of intertidal fine-gravel dunes: Hills Flats, Severn Estuary, UK 159-179 Sedimentary Geology 183 3-4 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Gravel; Intertidal; Sediment dynamics; Hills Flats; hydrodynamics; sediments;\ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-30444455295&partner=40&rel=R5.0.4
? Allen, J.R.L.; 2004y Annual textural banding in Holocene estuarine silts, Severn Estuary Levels (SW Britain): Patterns, cause and implications 536-552 Holocene 14 4 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
holocene; Severn; silts; sediments; sea-level; erosion and flooding; Severn Estuary Levels; sediment budget; quarternary; palaeoenvironments; A high-resolution textural study has been made of laminated and banded estuarine silts exposed intertidally at representative localities and horizons in the Holocene deposits of the Severn Estuary Levels. The laminae, on a submillimetre to millimetre scale, are sharp-based, graded couplets formed of a lower silty part overlain by a finer-textured clayey element. The centimetre- to decimetre-scale banding is formed of laminae in alternating, gradually intergrading sets of relatively coarse and relative fine-grained examples. At outcrop in the field, the banding is recognizable because the coarse sets prove to be recessive to varying degrees under the influence of weathering and current action. Independent evidence at two localities points toward an annual origin for the banding; at a third it arose during part of what appears to have been a relatively short period. Quantified physical arguments suggest that the textural banding is a response of suspended fine sediment to marked seasonal changes in sea temperature and windiness. The banded silts occur in four distinct stratigraphical contexts and record high deposition rates (order 0.01-0.1 m/yr). Because physical factors determine their textures, the silts potentially afford insights in all contexts into aspects of changing Holocene climatic conditions. In one context, the thickness of the bands points to high (order 0.01-0.1 m/yr) but comparatively short-lived (order 10s-100s yrs) rates of relative water-level rise. In the others, however, the banding has no implications for sea-level behaviour, and simply records gross environmental disequilibrium, for example, the recovery of mudflats/marshes after an erosional episode. Similarly, because on account of their rapid accumulation the banded silts preserve animal and human tracks and trackways especially well, they provide an archive of animal and human behaviour in the area during the Holocene.[ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3242738460&partner=40&rel=R5.0.4
? , Cole, J.A.
Oakes, D.B.
Slade, S.
Clark, K.J. 1994p Potential impacts of climatic change and of sea-level rise on the yields of aquifer, river and reservoir sources 591-606@ Journal of the Institution of Water and Environmental Management 8 6 Climate Change: Regional/Local
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
climate change; sea-level rise; impact; severn; modeling; comparative; hydrodynamics; flooding; erosion; saline interface;
Using regional statistics of daily rainfall, a simple water-balance model was employed to generate runoff sequences with which to simulate the yield storage behaviour of reservoirs in south-east England, in north-west England, and North Wales. Similarly sequences of recharge to an unconfined aquifer in stem England were the basis of deriving its yield rage behaviour. Then, taking scenarios of the year 2030 rainfall and evaporation, provided by the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit, reductions in yield were calculated to be 5-15% below sent-day values. For direct supply reservoirs, greater percentage reductions in yield were found to apply to the south-east region, as compared to the north-west. The results from the aquifer example are interpreted on a novel basis which allows an immediate comparison with the surface reservoir examples. Coastal sea-water intrusion was modelled for three common geological conditions (i) the Grimsby Chalk confined), (ii) the Brighton Chalk (unconfined), and (iii) the Otter Valley Sandstone (unconfined). In all three cases the effect of a possible 0.6 m rise in mean level was shown to have only a marginal effect on sustainable yields, which reduced by about 1.5%. Estuarine fresh-salt water interfaces are important the abstraction regime of freshwater intakes in the lower reaches of rivers. The effect of a 0.6-m sea-level rise on the saline interface location at high tide was evaluated by hydrodynamic computational models. Only a minor inland shift of the interface was found, less than 800 m in the Thames tideway and less than 500 m in the Lune estuary. The Sevem estuary is exceptional in having its saline interface move 3.5 km landwards for the same 0.6-m rise in mean sea level.
Coastal sea-water intrusion was modeled for three common geological conditions. In all three cases, the effect of a possible 0.6 m rise in mean sea level was shown to have only a marginal effect on substantial yields behavior of reservoirs, which reduced by about 1.5%. Meanwhile, estuarine fresh-salt water interfaces are important to the abstraction regime of freshwater intakes in the lower reaches of rivers. The effect of a 0.6 m sea-level rise on the saline interface location at high tide was evaluated by the hydrodynamic computational models. Only a minor inland shift of the interface was found, less than 800 m in the Thames tideway and less than 500 m in the Lune estuary. The Severn estuary is exceptional in having its saline interface move 3.5 km landwards for the same 0.6 m rise in mean sea level. ? Cooper, B.
Dun, R. 1995$ Swansea Bay Coastline Response Study 491-498) Directions in European Coastal Management Healy, M.G.
Doody, J.P. Cardigan, UK Samara Publishing Limited Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Adaptation: Shoreline Management
modeling; Swansea Bay; sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; It coments on the investigation, development and management of a computational model established to cover the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 73 9
Group.P Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment D? ! : Brown, J.
Spurr, N.
Ballinger, R.C.
Havard, M.
Worrall, D. 1998h The Severn Estuary Strategy: a non-statutory approach to the integrated management of a large UK estuaryA Coastal Zone Canada '98. Coastal Communities in the 21st Century" Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
Strategic Policy; zoning; Shoreline; coastal management; iczm; legislation; ngos; Severn; public policy; coastal fora; coastal partnership; czm; coastal zone mangement; 30 August-3 September 3D? Ballinger, R.C.
Brown, J. 1998w An Evaluation of Development Policy from an Estuary Management Perspective: a case study of the Severn Estuary Area, UKf Littoral '98. Fourth International Conference European Coastal Association for Science and Technology Barcelona Eurocoast Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning
ICM; Severn; development policy; Coastal management; estuary management; integrated coastal management; estuary; Littoral 98; 3153 Conference dates: 14-17 September, Barcelona, Spain 8 ? Knowles, S.;
Myatt-Bell, L.; 2001G The Severn Estuary Strategy: a consensus approach to estuary management 135-159 Ocean and Coastal Management 44 12 Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
coastal management; Management; management strategy; estuary; ICM; severn; severn estuary strategy;? + Tompkins, Emma L.
Few, Roger
Brown, Katrina 2008v Scenario-based stakeholder engagement: Incorporating stakeholders preferences into coastal planning for climate change 1580-1592# Journal of Environmental Management 88 4I Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
Decision support
UK
Stakeholder
Method` http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJ7-4PXG7NW-1/2/7b6cedf1d471da898a41ae345cfbc126 G, J. London Geological Society! Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level =ublications/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment stems: Fisheries - :,ress1 Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed ? Henderson, P.A.
Holmes, R.H.A. 1991o On the population dynamics of dab, sole and Founder within Bridgwater Bay in the lower Severn Estuary, England. 337-344# Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 278 Climatb ? * Henderson, P.A.
James, D.J.
Holmes, R.H.A. 1992Z Trophic structure within the Bristol Channel: seasonality and stability in Bridgwater Bay. 675-690B Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 728 Clim ? Henderson, P.A. 2007i Discrete and continuous change in the fish community of the Bristol Channel in response to climate change 589-598+ Joumal of Marine Biological Association U.K 878 Cli ? Magurran, A.
Henderson, P.A. 2003P Explaining the excess of rare species in natural species abundance distributions 714-716 Nature 422 Cli Snd freshwater deposits in SW and SE Britain. The data suggest these Group II deposits are different in age from the Ipswichian interglacial, inter-tidal deposits at Selsey.
A Group IV age is attributed to freshwater deposits at Yew Tree Farm and Kenn Pier which collected just above a contemporary sea level or included re-worked earlier inter-tidal rocky shore faunas. These are provisionally correlated with the Group IV deposits in the Thames Estuary at Purfleet (c. 400,000–600,000 years BP). Since these deposits are thought at post-date glacial deposits previously identified at Kenn and Court Hill, Avon, this glacial episode is now regarded as being much older than the Wolstonian glacial stage with which it had #? Allen, John Robert Laurence 1987S Streamwise Erosional Structures in Muddy Sediments, Severn Estuary, Southwestern UK 37-461 Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 69 1T Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Swedish ?q = Cook, G.T.;
MacKenzie, A.B.;
Naysmith, P.;
Anderson, R.; 1998K Natural and anthropogenic super(14)C in the UK coastal marine environment 89-111' Journal of Environmental Radioactivity; 40 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
sediment quality; water quality;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn; carbon;
contamination; baseline; background;
radioactivity;f Prior to this study, almost no up-to-date information was available on the `background' level of super(14)C present in the water and biota of the UK coastal marine environment. The weighted mean super(14)C activity derived from the lowest activities of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and biota for sites which are remote from potential sources is 247.6 plus or minus 1.0 Bq kg super(-1) carbon. This is proposed as the best estimate of the natural/weapons testing `background' for 1995 and should be subtracted from the activity derived for any sample to establish the excess due to UK anthropogenic inputs. super(14)C activities in the DIC component of seawater and a range of marine biota are significantly enhanced above the expected `background' value in the environment around the British Nuclear Fuels plc reprocessing plant at Sellafield, Cumbria, NW England and Amersham International plc, Cardiff, Wales. The enrichments around Sellafield are largely confined to the NE Irish Sea while those at Cardiff are confined to the Severn Estuary. The dose from super(14)C to the Sellafield seafood-consuming critical group (<4 mu Sv) for this study, derived using the best estimate baseline super(14)C values, is in good agreement with other works which produced a value of 3 mu Sv, also for 1995. There is either variability in the kinetics of response of the biota to changes in discharge or significant differences in the pools from which the biota derive their carbon. Investigation of these factors is of fundamental importance if this area of research is to proceed towards deriving changes in dose due to changes in discharge. ISSN 0265-931X Affiliation Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UKa ?
Allen, J.R.L.
Duffy, M.J. 1998 Medium-term sedimentation on high intertidal mudflats and salt marshes in the Severn Estuary, SW Britain: The role of wind and tide 1-27 Marine Geology; 150 1-4 Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Sea level
Severn; sediment budget; erosion; Salt marshes; Tidal currents; Tidal; Wave; Sea-level; mudflats; wind; impact;B Six sites monitored monthly on salt marshes and mudflats in the middle and outer Severn Estuary gave potentially predictive-retrodictive relationships between the vertical response of the sedimentary surface (erosion/accretion), a factor reflecting tidal heights, and the wind-wave power-supply. The continuing rise of relative sea level in the area, at the rate of a few millimetres annually, is providing accommodation space at a pace low enough to permit the continuing vertical build-up of the salt marshes throughout the estuary. On the mudflats, wind and tidal conditions during the survey maintained an accretionary regime in the middle estuary but an erosional one in the outer part. The Severn Estuary is a system in delicate balance which is likely to respond dramatically to modest changes in the tidal and/or wind regimes.[ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031790941&partner=40&rel=R4.5.0 J? Allen, J.R.L.;
Duffy, M.J.; 1998 Temporal and spatial depositional patterns in the Severn Estuary, southwestern Britain: Intertidal studies at spring-neap and seasonal scales, 1991-1993 147-171 Marine Geology: 146 1-4 Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; erosion and flooding; tidal; sediment dynamics; mudflats;` The estuary is a high-energy and very variable system, with a hypertidal, semidiurnal tidal regime. The amount and coarseness of the sediment trapped on filter papers, and the suspended silt concentration in the flood tidal front, were measured daily from mudflat and marsh stations at each of six sites during eight spring-neap cycles spread over a two-year period. Four of the cycles were associated with vernal equinoxes and four with autumnal equinoxes. River discharge, wind speed, tidal height and the suspended sediment concentration all affect the amount and texture of the trapped mud. Complex tidal patterns are unlikely to be registered other than very imperfectly in these tidal deposits. At any site, the silts deposited on the mudflats are slightly coarser than those accreted on the marshes. Both marsh and mudflat deposits tend to become less sandy but more clayey toward the mouth of the estuary. The sediments trapped on the mudflats and marshes during vernal equinoxes tend at a site to be sandier and less clayey than their autumnal counterparts. As the vernal and autumnal, equinoctial tidal regimes are virtually identical, and river discharge has a negligible influence, winter storminess and the substantial annual change in water temperature, affecting viscosity, may largely be the explanation, with biological factors possibly augmenting the effect.[ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032055161&partner=40&rel=R4.5.0 c ? Allen, J.R.L.;
Haslett, S.K.; 2002p Buried salt-marsh edges and tide-level cycles in the mid-Holocene of the Caldicot Level (Gwent), South Wales, UK 303-324 Holocene 12 3 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
SEVERN; Foraminifera; Bioindicators; Holocene; Salt marshes; Tidal; sediment dynamics; Combining stratigraphical, sedimentological and biofacial (foraminifera) approaches, a high-resolution, time-constrained study has been made of a mid-Holocene (c. 5800-4900 14C yrs BP) estuarine succession (c. 2 m) continuously exposed for 1.75 km between two major, late-Holocene palaeochannels. The succession displays great lateral variation in bed thickness and facies; bounded by two laterally extensive peats, it consists of silts split by an impersistent, thin peat. A depositional hiatus gradually rises southwestward through the silts from the top of the lower extensive peat to the base of the higher bed, dividing the succession into two depositional sequences. Sequence I, restricted to the southwestern part of the section, ranges from the lower peat to the sharp top of a thin, laterally impersistent, silty peat (cockle-bed peat). It presents vertically symmetrical patterns of texture and environment, broadly from organic marsh and high salt marsh to middle marsh and back to high marsh. Sequence II, overlying the depositional break, is best developed in the northeastern and central parts of the section, beginning in the latter with an erosively based silt (cockle bed) with a life-assemblage of Cardium edule, Hydrobia ventrosa and ostracods. Environmentally, Sequence II is vertically symmetrical only in the northeastern section, where a high salt marsh was succeeded by a low/middle marsh followed by a high marsh overlain by an organic marsh. Asymmetrical patterns of texture and environment prevail in the central section, where the cockle bed appears. Through annually banded deposits that progressively coarsen, a mudflat or low marsh gave way upward to a middle marsh and finally to high and then organic marshes. Sequence I registers a rise of tide level lasting several hundred radiocarbon years. It appears to represent an estuarine marsh with a depositional edge which overlooked to the northeast a largely exposed shelf formed by the lower extensive peat. Sequence II arose much more rapidly, during a further tide-level rise that lasted only 100-200 years. A new marsh formed in the northeastern part of the section, but a wide, brackish, rapidly infilling embayment lay between this marsh and the previous one to the southwest. Differential autocompaction strongly influenced the rate of accumulation of both sequences, creating bed thickness variations of twofold or more. The mid-Holocene estuary experienced subtle, local geographical changes in addition to the gross changes indicated by the silt-peat alternation.[ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036117522&partner=40&rel=R4.5.0 ? = Haslett, S.K.;
Strawbridge, F.;
Martin, N.A.;
Davies, C.F.C.; 2001 Vertical saltmarsh accretion and its relationship to sea-level in the Severn Estuary, U.K: An investigation using foraminifera as tidal indicators 143-153$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 52 1 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; bioindicators; foraminifera; Salt marsh; accretion; sea-level; tidal; climate change;? Saltmarsh vertical accretion has been used as a proxy for sea-level rise in previous studies on the assumption that accretion is in quasi-equilibrium with sea-level rise. This assumption requires verification in each case, as accretion may lag or exceed sea-level rise, leading to under- or over-estimates of sea-level rise, respectively. Verification may be provided by biostratigraphic analysis, where biological remains in saltmarsh sediments may be related to former tide levels. Foraminifera are well-suited, as studies of modern saltmarshes have demonstrated distinct tidal relationships which may be used to calibrate downcore/temporal foraminifera sequences. It is hypothesized that, depending on the relationship between sea-level rise and accretion, quasi-equilibrium, submergence, and emergence foraminifera sequences may be recognized. These are explored here in a Severn Estuary (U.K.) saltmarsh, where an emergence foraminifera sequence is identified, suggesting that previous sea-level rise rates for the Severn Estuary, based on saltmarsh accretion rates, may be over-estimates. Wider consequences of this may include over-estimation of regional crustal subsidence rates, required to accommodate artificially high sea-level rise rates. Saltmarsh accretion rates are clearly not a suitable proxy for sea-level rise in all cases, and as such each saltmarsh requires biostratigraphic evaluation to establish sea-level rise/accretion relationships. Preferably, independent Sea-Level Index Points (SLIPs) should be used over saltmarsh accretion rates in constructing sea-level histories. [ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035093029&partner=40&rel=R4.5.0 5 Cited By: 6; Export Date: 9 June 2006; Source: Scopus
0272-7714 ? + French, P.W.;
Allen, J.R.L.;
Appleby, P.G.; 1994v 210-lead dating of a modern period saltmarsh deposit from the Severn Estuary (southwest Britain), and its implications 327-334 Marine Geology 118 3-4 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; dating techniques; salt marsh; sediment; pollutants; lead; accretion; sea-level; The Pb-210 dating of a saltmarsh section from the mid-Severn Estuary has facilitated the construction of a chronology based on the temporal variation of commonly occurring pollutants, namely particulate coal dust, copper, lead and zinc. The chronology identifies three significant datum levels at 1958 +/- 4 years, 1950 +/- 4 years and 1933 +/- 7 years, based on the temporal trends of pollutants within the sediment sequence. Based on the Pb-210 dates of the deposits at these levels, averaged vertical saltmarsh accretion rates for the studied section can be shown to be between 0.35 and 0.40 cm yr-1. It is therefore concluded that the marsh area studied is accreting vertically at a rate comparable to local sea-level rise. [ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028178066&partner=40&rel=R4.5.0
0269-7491 19912 Coastal Shipping in the Bristol Channel 1750-1914.! Department of Extra-Mural Studies Cardiff Cardiff University Unpublished MA dissertation XXry density; low density <600 k gm−3, medium density 600–1000 kg m−3, and high density >1000 kg m−3. Analysis of biological data showed significant differences for the upper mudf[? Martin, M.H.;
Beckett, C.L.; 1992+ Heavy metal pollution in the Severn Estuary 105-112R The Coast of Avon Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society (Special Issues) Crowther, P; Bristol Naturalists' Society Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; sediment; pollutants; pollution; Severn; heavy metals; baseline;[ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026482714&partner=40&rel=R4.5.0 5 Cited By: 1; Export Date: 9 June 2006; Source: Scopus 0951926020 /(? Crowther, P.R. 1992 The Coast of Avon 112R The Coast of Avon Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society (Special Issues) Crowther, P.R.;- Bristol Naturalists' Society (1 April 1992) % Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
SEVERN; geology; geography; natural history; heavy metals; pollutants; wetland; archeology; naturalists society; A collection of eight individually authored papers (abstracted separately) on the geology, geography and natural history of the region. Topics covered include heavy metal pollution in the Severn Estuary; regional geology; and post-glacial wetland geolog?
Gibson, J. 1980W Coastal zone management law: a case study of the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel 153-165' Journal of Planning and Environment Law Marchu Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning
coastal zone mangement; coastal management; development; Severn; legislation;[ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0018921014&partner=40&rel=R4.5.0 ? Reina, P.; 1998v Welsh Waterfront Barrier Generates a Barrage of Controversy; Structure to Allow Development, but is Decried by Greens 38 ENR 240 2 Adaptation: Infrastructure and Engineering
Infrastructure; cardiff bay; development; Severn; Welsh Assembly; environmental impact; barrage; cost; Periodical, Cover story
January 12 A 1.1-kilometer-long barrage under construction at Cardiff Bay, in Wales, will neither generate power nor store drinking water. The dam-like barrier will exist solely to block tides of the Severn Estuary that now limit development. The project's owner believes that urban regeneration is worth the $340-million investment but environmentalists counter that destroying 200 hectares of habitat is too high a price. The European Commission decided not to challenge the project as long as officials compensated for environmental impacts. Y http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=25509515&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD
k
(? Vale, J.A.; 1991< Atmospheric Deposition of Heavy Metals to the Severn Estuary 372 Unpublished PhD Thesis Scotland Univeristy of Stirling Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; water quality; pollution; trace metals; sediment; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; contamination; baseline; aerial input; Unpublished PhD Thesis October 1992 The atmospheric inputs to the Severn Estuary of the metals cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc and aluminium were determined by collecting total deposition samples from eleven sites within and around the estuary. Samples were collected in NILU RS1 total deposition sampling devices biweekly over a period of fifteen months and analysed at Wessex Water Plc's Saltford Laboratory for metal content.
The sodium and chloride content of the samples were also analysed for evidence of incursion of sea-spray to the samples (Maritime Effect) and hence recycling of metals. An array of sampling devices was also placed at Northwick Landfill site to test for this phenomenon.
The total metal input to the Severn Estuary was determined by interpolation (using linear, Log$\sb{10},$ Log$\sb{\rm e}$ and square root methods) of the point deposition data across the water surface by means of isoplething. The area between isopleths was calculated and a mean metal input derived. On the basis of the data transformations the most reliable estimates for metal inputs (kgday$\sp{-1})$ were: Cd - 0.84, Cu - 8.64-8.68, Cr - 1.93-1.94, Ni - 2.75-2.80, Pb - 62.8, Zn - 96.07 and Al - 0.31.
In comparison to earlier estimates (1978/9) these results show that there has been considerable decline in aerial metal inputs to the Severn Estuary by one to two orders of magnitude. The decline was attributed to improved methodologies as well as a real decrease in metal inputs. Recent reports have also indicated that the overall water quality of the Severn Estuary has improved.
The Avonmouth area was identified as an important source area for all metals although significant, secondary sources of Cr and Ni appear to exist in the outer estuary that emanated from South Wales.
There was an absence of clear seasonal variation in metal deposition although there was marked fluctuation between sampling periods indicating either variable emission rates or meteorological conditions. The deposition of metals also appeared to be dominated by wet processes.
There was no conclusive evidence for the existence of the Maritime Effect although more research is needed into this phenomenon in the Severn Estuary.
Z http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=7471 0
?
Suckling, H.; 1989[ Modelling Of Hydrodynamic Effects And Optimization Of Energy Benefit In Tidal Power Schemes 1375 Council for National Academic Awards (United Kingdom) PhD5 Council for National Academic Awards (United Kingdom)e Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Severn; barrage; tidal power; modeling; tidal; hydrodynamics; severn; Unpublished Ph.D ThesisP
Predictions of energy output from a barrage in the Severn Estuary can be made by using a mathematical model describing the operation of the barrage linked to one of tidal flow. Estimates of the likely energy production from such a barrage have been made using a flat surface model of the estuary which incorporates real machinery operating characteristics. The flow through the barrage can be controlled optimally in order to obtain the greatest amount of energy from the tides. The energy predictions made by using the flat surface model are examined using a hydrodynamic model of flow in the estuary.
A simple one-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the tidal flow in the Severn Estuary is presented. The area of the estuary under consideration is that which lies between approximately Berkeley in Gloucestershire and Ilfracombe on the North Devon coast. The only open boundary is assumed to be the seaward boundary. No account is taken of flow into the estuary from rivers. Finite amplitude shallow water wave equations, together with a representation of bottom friction, are used to describe the tidal behaviour in the estuary. The cross-sectional topography of the estuary is assumed to be a rectangle. The boundary conditions are that there is no flow through the landward boundary and the water level at the seaward boundary is a known function of time.
The equations are solved numerically as a system of ordinary differential equations. A simple Rungle-Kutta method is used. The model is used to obtain predictions of the level and time of high and low tide at certain points along the estuary. The results are compared with those obtained by using another, but more complex, one-dimensional model. In the region of computation, the accuracy of the results of the two models are comparable. The effect of varying both the coefficient of friction and the form of the friction term is examined. The effect of linearizing the governing equations is also studied.
A model of a tidal power barrage, sited between Weston-super-Mare and Cardiff, is then incorporated into the hydrodynamic model. The operation of the barrage is determined by using an open loop control, obtained by using a flat surface model of the estuary. The extent to which hydrodynamic effects may modify the energy predictions made by the flat surface are examined. Variation of the time at which generation is allowed to start is found to affect the amount of energy predicted by the hydrodynamic model.
The costate equations, which are necessary for the solution of the optimal control problem are derived, but the solution of these equations is not presented.
Z http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=747065121&sid=1&Fmt=2&
9
(? Imienwanrin, A. 1989W Palaeomagnetism and magnetic fabric of recent sediments from the Severn Estuary system PhD Southampton University of Southampton Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment composition; palaeomagnetism; severn; Comparative; sediment dynamics; paleoenvironments; Unpublished PhD Thesisz The palaeomagnetism and magnetic fabric of unconsolidated recent sediments from eight Severn Estuary cores and one Irish Sea core have been investigated. Most specimens displayed high remanence stability and a stable characteristic component of magnetisation was isolated during progressive a.f. demagnetisation. All cores reveal palaeomagnetic inclination errors of variable magnitude which can be grouped into two types. This grouping has been used to identify the presence of two major types of sediment deposition processes within the Severn Estuary. Curie point determinations, XRD analyses of magnetic mineral separates and IRM acquisition curve analyses confirm that single domain titanomagnetite is the principal carrier of the magnetic remanence.
The primary magnetic fabric identified for these cores is characteristic of sediments deposited in the presence of strong bottom currents. Four cores display lineation which are parallel to the channel axis and five cores display lineation which are oblique to this axis. From the orientation of the Kmax axes, a sediment circulation pattern which envisages a south-easterly drift of fine materials in Bridgwater Bay and a north-westerly drift in the Newport Deep area, as well as a shoreward transport in both areas has been proposed.
The presence of a high redox potential identified from the downcore behaviour of the NRM intensity and susceptibility values of specimens from cores BC263, BC264 and BC266 has been confirmed by the result of IRM and geochemical analyses. These results have been used to confirm the existence of two major types of sediment deposition processes within the Estuary. Sewage and industrial inputs into the estuary enhance the carbon content of the esturaine sediments and may have contributed significantly to the onset of the high redox potential in some parts of the study area.
Results of remanence anisotropy measurements carried out on thirteen specimens from core BC264 show good agreement with those of susceptibility analyses and suggest that a combination of both these methods should provide additional information concerning the domain-state of the magnetic minerals.
Z http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=743969381&sid=1&F
l? North, C.P. 1988l Structure and Sedimentology of the Mercia Mudstone Group (Upper Triassic) Severn Estuary Region, SW Britain 289 PhD Bristol University of Bristol Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; Severn; geology; stratigraphy; palaeoenvironments; Mesozoic; hydrodynamics; sedimentary systems; Unpublished PhD Thesis> The aims of the study were to elucidate the depositional environment of the MMG in the Severn Estuary region, assess the influence of tectonics on sedimentation, and attempt to resolve whether the Early Mesozoic basins of SW Britain formed as a result of NW-SE directed tension or simultaneous N-S and E-W stretching.
The facies types and relationships in the MMG indicate that the Severn Estuary region was on the fringe of the main Triassic depocentres in the east and south. Post-Variscan deposition did not begin here until Norian times. Coarse alluvial-fan gravels interdigitate with the interbedded sandstones and siltstones of a sheetwash-dominated sandflat environment; these in turn interdigitate with red soil-bearing playa mudstones. The overall setting was that of an enclosed intermontane basin at the centre of which was a generally-dry playa mudflat. Fluvial processes dominated the region, and, in contrast to the similar age sequences nearby in South Wales, there are no sediments to suggest the presence of a perennial lake. Aeolian processes modified the environment and may have supplied much of the silt and clay. Pedogenesis was a major process on the mudflat and distal sandflats. Dolomite diagenesis was coeval with deposition. Sulphate minerals in the mudstones, and much of the dolomite, were the product of illuvial pedogenic processes not evaporative processes as has previously been thought.
Two fracture systems have been identified in the MMG of the Severn Estuary region on the basis of fracture architecture and incompatibilites in fault-slip data. The older system is characterised by zones of steeply inclined to vertical WNW-striking sinistral strike-slip faults with related secondary shear and extension fractures. The younger system is characterised by roughly coeval orthogonal extension joints striking NW-SE and NE-SW.
From the work carried out, there is little to suggest a major tectonic control on the sedimentation in this region during the Late Triassic. The bed thicknesses and the presence of stacked vertisols, strongly indicate that it was the fluctuation between relatively wet and relatively dry periods that was the major control on sedimentation. Based on the length of time required to produce vertic soil profiles, it is surmised that such fluctuations would have been of the order of a few hundred years. Z http://proqu ?
Beckett, C.L. 1986* Heavy metals in Severn Estuary Ecosystems PhD Bristol Univeristy of Bristol Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
sediment quality;
water quality;
trace metals;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn;
baseline; Unpublished PhD ThesisX Available from Center for Research Libraries http://www.crl.edu/content/DissLinkPQDD.aspZ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=933817441&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD ? Anon 20060 Severn barrage scheme gets politicians' support 12 Professional Engineering 19 8 Mitigation: Renewables
wave power;
Renewable energy;
Environmental impact;
impact;
Tidal;
hydroelectric;
Energy policy;
Political behavior;
Welsh Assembley;
STPG;
Severn tidal power group; May 3 Politicians have backed the idea of a barrage across the River Severn, but not the scheme proposed by a local businessman. Welsh first minister Rhodri Morgan has said the Welsh Assembly will recommend that the UK government reappraise the scheme as part of its energy review. However, it is the proposal from the Severn Tidal Power Group, a coalition of four leading engineering and construction companies, that is receiving the politicians' support, rather than a scheme by property developer, Gareth Woodham.\ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1038179201&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=13939 V? Anon 2006( Welsh energy barrage aims to tap Severn 1 Planning 1666w Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Renewable energy;
Barrage;
NGOs;
Energy policy;
Political behavior;
Welsh Assembley; April 28 Full text:
A barrage spanning the Severn estuary to generate power was officially proposed by the Welsh Assembly Government this week.
The £10 billion structure would stretch between Lavernock Point and Brean Down. It could generate as much power as two nuclear plants over the next 150 years, the assembly claimed in its energy review submission.
Energy minister Andrew Davies said: "Through its life the barrage would produce zero-carbon electricity on a totally predictable, low-cost and reliable basis. It could also have considerable long-term financial investment attractions."
But Friends of the Earth Cymru director Julian Rosser warned that the structure would "wreck oneofthe most important wildlife sites in Europe". The group pointed out that the barrage would be located on a special conservation area that contains seven per cent of the UK's total estuary resource forwildlife.[ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1039655121&sid=1&Fmt=3&clien. .F?! Anon 2006 Severn barrage idea refloats Professional Engineering 19 7 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Renewable energy;
Environmental impact;
impact;
Tidal power;
hydroelectric;
Energy policy;
Welsh Assembley; April 12 Full text:
A WELSH entrepreneur has submitted to the government plans for a tidal power scheme with a barrage across the River Severn.
Gareth Woodham has established a company called Combined Innovations to revive interest in a barrier, which would stretch from Brean Down, south of Weston-super-Mare, to Lavernock Point, near Barry.
Plans have been submitted to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, which is responsible for planning applications for such large schemes, and to the Department for Trade and Industry, which is responsible for the power generation aspects.
The Green Party in Bristol said it welcomed the idea of sustainable energy development but had misgivings about the scale of the project. Instead it would like a series of small-scale plants. Friends of the Earth Cymru is also a proponent of small-scale tidal lagoons, rather than a barrage.
Previous attempts to create a barrage across the Severn have been rejected at the planning stage.
[ http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1029171791&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientIs?" Baker, C. 1991 Tidal Power 6 Energy Policy; 19 8 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; barrage; Bristol channel; hydroelectric; modeling; technology; feasibility study; comparative; October The tides represent a large and benign source of renewable energy that can be converted to electricity using well-proven technology. The tides are generated by the rotation of the earth within the gravitational fields of the sun and moon. In most circumstances, the best method of operating a tidal barrage is to trap the incoming tide at high water behind a barrage and release the water, through horizontal-axis turbines, from the basin to the sea during the 2nd part of the ebb tide and the first part of the next flood. The parts of the world where the tidal range and coastline are suitable for tidal barrages of substantial size and capable of generating electricity at an acceptable cost are relatively small in number, but the UK has a substantial share. In the UK, feasibility studies of tidal power schemes are in progress or have been completed of the following estuaries: 1. Severn, 2. Mersey, 3. Humber, 4. Conwy, 5. Wyre, and 6. Loughor. The economies of tidal power are critically dependent of the choice of discount rate. X http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1074551&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD 792 l ?#
Heald, D.; 1991! Accounting for the Severn Bridge 41& Financial Accountability & Management; 7 4 Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
Adaptation: Cost Benefit Analysis/Environmental Economics
infrastructure; bridges; cost; Second severn crossing; M4; The Severn bridge links South Wales to southern England and is only one of 2 tolled crossings owned by the central government. The Severn Bridge Tolls Act 1965 required the publication of commercial-style "White Paper accounts," a consistent source that makes it possible to review the financial history to date of the Severn bridge. The bridge is an interesting example of a case of government deciding that a capital-intensive infrastructural facility should break-even over its life. Two principal factors explain the accumulating deficiencies on the bridge account: the failure of successive governments to maintain the bridge toll in real terms and the exceptional capital repairs required during the 1980s because of design faults and greater than expected loads. There are implications for the design of reporting systems for civil-service executive agencies and for the privatized, concession-style financing packages for transport infrastructure adopted by the present government.W http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=415688&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD 267?$ Conway, A.; 19861 Tidal Power: A Matter of Faith, Hope, and Policy 4
Energy Policy 14 6 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Renewable energy; hydroelectric; stpg; severn tidal power group; Tidal; tidal power; SEVERN; energy policy; modeling; environmental impact; impact; technology; barrage; power station; cost; feasibility study; Decemeber Tidal power is being touted as one of the UK's most promising renewable resources as illustrated by the recent report of the Severn Tidal Power Group. The estuary of the River Severn is recognized as one of the best sites in the world for a tidal barrage with which to generate electricity on a large scale. Despite the promise of tidal power, countries, among them France and Canada, have been slow to take action. Tidal power has much in common with hydroelectricity, and the environmental impact of both can pose problems. For the policymaker, however, the biggest problems to its adoption are those associated with cost since a large investment is necessary, and many years must pass before investment in a tidal power project will result in any useful output or disposable income. The UK government has at last allocated more funding for studies of the feasibility of tidal power projects, and 2 schemes are being considered for development as proposed by the Severn Tidal Power Group. X http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1074243&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD 574
?%
Edwards, J.A. 1989; Port redevelopments in the Bristol Channel/Severn Estuary 3 Planner 75 Adaptation: Infrastructure and Engineering
Ports; Harbours; Infrastructure; Docks; Development; Severn; Bristol Channel; Industry; 4 August 9 e?& Allen, J.R.L.; 1989> Reclamation and sea defence in Rumney Parish (Monmouthshire) 135-141 Archaeologia Cambrensis 137 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Adaptation: Shoreline Management
Romano-Britain; Severn; Land Reclamation; Coastal defence; Levels; coastal management; Rumney; Monmouthshire New evidence of Romano-British ditch system and Sixteenth century local repositioning of the seabank between rivers Usk and Rhymney on the Gwent coast - one of many tracts of reclaimed estuarine alluvium known as the Severn Levels, which fringe the Severn estuary ;' Allen, J.;
Fulford, M. G. 1990f Romano-British and later reclamations on the Severn salt marshes in the Elmore area, Gloucestershire 17-32F Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 108 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Archeology; Romano-Britain; Romano-British; Antiquities; Severn; Estuary; Land Reclamation; Gwent; wetland; salt marshes;B Embankment and reclamation of wetland during Romano-British period 17 Maps and illustrations included< ?( t Gardiner, J.;
Allen, M.J.;
Hamilton-Dyer, S.;
Laidlaw, M.;
Scaife, R.G.;
Clapham, A.;
Gale, R.;
Loader, E.; 2002X Making the most of it: late prehistoric pastoralism in the Avon Levels, Severn Estuary 1-39& Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 68 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
archeology; paleoenvironments; industry; holocene; sediment; wetland; roman-Britain; landscape change;y A combination of archaeological and palaeo environmental field work in the Avon Levels, western England, has enabled a much better understanding of the complex Holocene sedimentation in this part of the Severn Estuary, and of the close relationship between the upper part of that sequence and opportunities for exploitation of this wetland region during the later prehistoric and Romano British periods. Explores that relationship, focusing in particular on two Iron Age to Romano British sites: Hallen and Northwick. Concludes with an outline model for the human use of the Avon Levels from the Neolithic to Romano British periods. 1?) Anon 2005 The Severn bridges 20-21
Wide World 16 4F severn; bridges; landscape; suspension bridge; partnership boundaries; April: The River Severn is the UK's longest river. The illustration shows the two motorway bridges that cross the Severn Estuary. The Severn Bridge is a suspension bridge that was opened in 1966 to link the motorway in England to the one in south Wales. The original motorway bridge is still open and now carries the M48. 20?* Allen, J.R.L.;
Fulford, M.G.; 1990 Romano-British wetland reclamations at Longney, Gloucestershire, and evidence for the early settlement of the inner Severn Estuary 288-326 Antiquaries Journal; 70 2 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Gloucestershire; Severn; Archeology; Romano-Britain; Romano-British; Reclamation; salt marshes; iron; heavy metals; contamination;[ Suggests that wetland reclamation on left bank was mostly a feature of development of large villa estates, with alluvial settlements representing substantial, outlying farmsteads; iron making based on rich ores imported from Forest of Dean occurred at all wetland settlements on two banks, and locally may have taken place on an industrial scale. 0003-5815 288 ?+ $ Nayling, N.
Maynard, D.
McGrail, S. 19944 Barland's farm, Magor, Gwent: a Romano-Celtic boat 596-603 Antiquity 68 260p Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Archeology; Romano-British; Antiquities; Severn; boat; September Recent excavations on the Gwent Levels, in the wetlands of the Severn estuary, have recovered substantial remains of a waterlogged boat, of probable late Third to early Fourth century AD date. 0003-598X ?, Nayling, N. 1996 The Magor Pill boat 180-183 Current Archaeology 149a Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Archeology; Antiquities; Severn; boat; 9 In August 1994, a wooden post was discovered projecting up from the mud on the Severn foreshore; it appeared to be part of an ancient boat. Outlines the excavation of the site and the lifting of the vessel in August 1995, and the finds that indicated a 13C vessel, clinker built in the North European tradition. 180 ?- Bell, M.;
Neumann, H.; 1997R Prehistoric intertidal archaeology and environments in the Severn Estuary, Wales 95-113 World Archaeology; 29 1 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Archeology; Roman-Britain; Romano-British; Goldcliffe; Antiquities; Severn; Land Reclamation; landscape change; modeling; intertidal; industry; June Estuaries have great archaeological potential for interdisciplinary research. Combines extensive survey of 25km of coast in the Severn Estuary, Wales, databased using Autocad and GIS, with more detailed investigation of 3km at Goldcliff. Demonstrates that coastal wetlands can preserve a diverse range of site types which contrasts with both terrestrial dryland contexts and other wetlands, such as the nearby Somerset Levels. Rectangular Bronze and Iron Age buildings, unique in Britain, trackways and other post settings are exposed on intertidal peat shelves. Activity on these former wetlands seems to have been essentially opportunistic and seasonal, with evidence for cattle grazing and perhaps fishing. Marine inundation in the Iron Age was followed by Romano-British reclamation. 0043-8243 95?.
Mayes, J.; 1998F Orographic influences on local weather: a Bristol Channel case study 322-330
Geography 83 4j Climate Change: Regional/Local
coastline; orography; weather; meteorology; geography; moisture; airflow; October The variety of coastlines and orographic features around the Bristol Channel illustrate clearly the influence such local geographical features may have on local weather variations. Daily contrasts of maximum temperature, precipitation and sunshine have been analysed for contrasting sites in south Wales and Somerset. The prevailing airflow type is found to be a key influence on the geographical distribution of local weather since it determines the degree of local exposure and shelter that particular locations experience in given weather situations. Daily weather observations can thus illustrate the interplay between geography and basic meteorological processes which involve the uplift and descent of air and associated changes in moisture content and temperature. ͜?
Rae, J. E. 1989y Copper, lead and zinc in salt marsh sediments of the Severn Estuary, UK: The potential for their early diagnetic mobility 121-126% Environmental Geochemistry and Health 11 3I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminantsw A detailed lithostratigraphic analysis already exists for salt marsh sediments of the Severn Estuary, which provides an ideal background for an investigation of phase associations of trace elements within sediment depth profiles. The first stages of a detailed investigation are reported in which phase associations of Cu, Pb and Zn are related to early diagenetic pA/ 2? 0 Andrews, J. T.
Gilbertson, D. D.
Hawkins, A. B. 1984l The Pleistocene succession of the Severn Estuary; a revised model based upon amino acid racemization studies 967-974, Journal of the Geological Society of London 141 6! Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level This paper reports the results and stratigraphic implications of amino acid racemization studies of fresh- and/or inter-tidal molluscs from: (i) the important Pleistocene sequences of Kenn Church, New Blind Yeo Drain, Yew Tree Farm and Kenn Pier (Avon County); (ii) the previously undescribed Pleistocene beach deposits beneath the Llanwern steel mill, South Wales; and (iii) re-prepared and re-analysed shells from the Th/U-series dated beach deposits in Belle Houge Cave, Jersey, Channel Islands.
These studies indicate the complexity of sea level change in the area. In amino acid Group II (Oxygen isotope stage 5e; 120,000–130,000 years BP) sea level reached 4–5 m OD and possibly 12 m OD. This episode is correlated with similar Group II beach deposits on the Gower coast, a&?0 % Ergin, A.
Williams, A.T.
Micallef, A. 2006. Coastal Scenery: Appreciation and Evaluation 958-964 Journal of Coastal Research 22 4k Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
landscape; coastal management; scenery; baseline; July Twenty-six parameters have been selected that delineate coastal scenery. These were obtained via consultation between coastal users and experts in the field. The parameters were assessed as to their priorities and weightings given. Application of fuzzy logic techniques enabled a decision parameter (D) to be calculated for any coastal scene. Over 100 worldwide coastal sites were analysed via the technique and a five-class differentiation obtained from D values.^ http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=0749-0208&volume=22&issue=4&page=958 958 Ocean Engineering Research Centre, Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Built Environment, Swansea Institute, University of Wales, Mount Pleasant, Swansea, Wales, U.K., allan.williams@virgin.net; International Hurricane Research Center, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, U.S.A; ICOD, Foundation for International Foundation Studies Centre, University of Malta, St. Paul Street, Valletta, Malta l F?1 ' Williams, J.J.
Carling, P.A.
Bell, P.S. 2006% Dynamics of intertidal gravel dunes * Journal of Geophysical Research C Oceans 111 6 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Intertidal; sediment dynamics; SEVERN; tidal; hydrodynamics; erosion and flooding; sediment transport; Sediment; June$ This paper examines the dynamics of intertidal gravel dunes subjected to high-energy unsteady and reversing tidal currents in the Severn Estuary, UK. The dunes were composed of shale particles with median grain size, D50, around 4 mm and had mean heights and wavelengths of 60 cm and 7 m, respectively. Acoustic instruments were deployed above a dune to measure the streamwise profile and flow turbulence. Radar was used to map a section of the dune field on two occasions. Measurements during the peak spring ebb tides showed that when the measured bed shear stress exceeded the threshold for entrainment of the coarse surface armor, sediments were eroded from the upper surface of the dune. The dune prograded in the direction of the ebb flow a distance O(1 m), and some eroded sediments were deposited on the stoss slope downstream. The dune was then reworked during the following flood tide to reestablish approximately the same pre-ebb profile shape and location. Radar data showed also that the exposed dunes at low water occupied approximately the same location over a period of 4 days during peak spring tides. The relationship between the depth-mean current and the net volume of dune sediments moved was found to conform to a power law. The predicted critical bed shear stress, D*tcrit, for D50 = 4 mm was approximately 1 N/m2. However, owing to a coarse armor layer on the surface of the dune, a measured D*tcrit value O(4 N/m2) was required to initiate dune erosion. Although the van Rijn formula was found to overestimate both the height and wavelength of dunes at this site, the dunes appear to be equilibrium bed forms controlled by local hydraulics and sediment supply. Sediment transport predicted by bed load formula were within a factor of two of the observed mass transport of dune sediments for ebb tides. ^S (?2 Worrall, D.H.; 19848 Diet of the dunlin Calidris alpina in the Severn Estuary 203 - 212 Bird Studies 31 3 Climate Change Impacts: Species
diet; Calidris alba; dunlin; severn; ecology; biodiversity; birds; food web; Nereis diversicolor; Macoma balthica; hydrobia ulvae; prey; g The diet of Dunlins in the Severn Esturay, South Wales, was studied by means of pellets, dropping and gizzards in which hard remains of the prey species could be counted and measured. Three major prey species predominated in the diet, Nereis diversicolor, Macoma balthica and hydrobia ulvae . Even though N. diversicolor remained the most important prey species throughout the season in terms of the dry weight of flesh ingested, a far greater volume of H. ulvae was consumed in the midwinter months. The sizes of both M. balthica and H. ulvae swallowed by the birds remained similar throughout the wintet ?3 Goss-Custard, J.D.;
Warwick, R.M.;
Kirby, R.;
McGrorty, S.;
Clarke, R.T.;
Pearson, B.;
Rispin, W.E.;
Le V. Dit Durell, S.E.A.;
Rose, R.J.; 1991g Towards predicting wading bird densities from predicted prey densities in a post-barrage Severn Estuary 1004-1026 Journal of Applied Ecology; 28 3E Climate Change Impacts: Species
waders; birds; biodiversity; population studies; dunlin; Calidris alpina; redshank; Tringa totanus; Severn; barrage; grey plover; Pluvialis squatarola; bar-tailed godwits; black-tailed godwits; Limosa lapponica; Limosa limosa; curlew; Numenius arquata; oystercatcher; Haematopus ostragleus; # A winter survey of seven species of wading birds (Charadrii) at forty intertidal sites in six estuaries in south-west England was made to identify the variables that determined the variation in bird densities between the sites and to develop a method for predicting bird densities should a tidal power barrage be built on the Severn Estuary. The densities of the two smallest waders, the dunlin (Calidris alpina) and redshank (Tringa totanus), were comparable on the twelve sites in the Severn to those in the other estuaries. In contrast, the densities of the larger species, the grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola), bar-tailed and black-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica & L. limosa ), curlew (Numenius arquata) and oystercatcher (Haematopus ostragleus), were comparatively low on sites in the Severn. g?4 Burton, N.H.K.
Armitage, M.J.S. 2005g Differences in the diurnal and nocturnal use of intertidal feeding grounds by Redshank Tringa totanus 120-128
Bird Study 52 2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Common Redshank; Tringa totanus ; Biodiversity; baseline; diet; migration routes; biomass; food web; infauna; benthic ecology; macrofauna; sewage; contamination; ecosystem; July Redshank used more sites and had larger ranges at night than during the day. To determine whether there were differences in how wintering Redshank used intertidal feeding grounds during the day and night. The movements of 38 Redshank caught and radiotagged at two neighbouring sites on the Severn Estuary were monitored during four different study periods between January 1997 and October 1999. Individuals used a greater number of sites at night than in the day (on average, two as opposed to one). Kernel home range analyses also indicated that individuals used larger core areas and home ranges at night. In addition, there was a significant difference between the sizes of ranges of birds caught at two neighbouring sites. One foraging site was almost entirely avoided during the day, probably due to disturbance from an adjacent heliport, but was used by the majority of individuals at night when the heliport was unused. This site was rich in invertebrates as a result of the high organic and nutrient input from a sewage outfall pipe. Redshank also used riverine mudflats less during the night, preferring more open mudflats - perhaps to avoid nocturnal predators. Comparison with previous studies suggests that the importance of sites predominantly used at night and the total extent of the areas used by waders may be underestimated by studies that rely on daytime surveys alone. It is important, therefore, that information on nocturnal distributions should be available to inform decisions on site management and protection. 120 :?5 Kay, D.
Stapleton, C.M.
Wyer, M.D.
McDonald, A.T.
Crowther, J.
Paul, N.
Jones, K.
Francis, C.
Watkins, J.
Wilkinson, J.
Humphrey, N.
Lin, B.
Yang, L.
Falconer, R.A.
Gardner, S. 2005 Decay of intestinal enterococci concentrations in high-energy estuarine and coastal waters: towards real-time T90 values for modelling faecal indicators in recreational waters 655-67 Water research; 39 4 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
bioindicators; environmental assessment; water quality; tss; turbidity; modeling; Severn; contamination; baseline; February Intestinal enterococci are the principal 'health-evidence-based' parameter recommended by WHO for the assessment of marine recreational water compliance. Understanding the survival characteristics of these organisms in nearshore waters is central to public health protection using robust modelling to effect real-time prediction of water quality at recreation sites as recently suggested by WHO and the Commission of the European Communities Previous models have more often focused on the coliform parameters and assumed two static day-time and night-time T90 values to characterise the decay process. The principal driver for enterococci survival is the received dose of irradiance from sunlight. In the water column, transmission of irradiance is determined by turbidity produced by suspended material. This paper reports the results of irradiated microcosm experiments using simulated sunlight to investigate the decay of intestinal enterococci in relatively turbid estuarine and coastal waters collected from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK. High-turbidity estuarine waters produced a T90 value of 39.5 h. Low-turbidity coastal waters produced a much shorter T90 value of 6.6 h. In experiments receiving no irradiation, high-turbidity estuarine waters also produced a longer T90 of 65.1 h compared with corresponding low-turbidity coastal waters, T90 24.8 h. Irradiated T90 values were correlated with salinity, turbidity and suspended solids (r>0.8, p<0.001). The results suggest that enterococci decay in irradiated experiments with turbidity >200 NTU is similar to decay observed under dark conditions. Most significantly, these results suggest that modelling turbidity and or suspended solids offers a potential means of predicting T90 values in 'real-time' for discrete cells of a hydrodynamic model. = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii?6 Faganello, E.;
Dunthorne, S.; 2005o The modelling of Cardiff Bay Barrage control system: The revised automatic control logic for the sluice gates 299-309S Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge Fletcher, C.A. ;
Spencer, T.; New YorkQ Cambridge University Press, Books, 40 West 20th Street New York NY 10011-4211 USA Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
Barrage; cardiff bay development; cardiff bay; severn; technology; sluice gates; migration; fish; locks; marina; lock gates; E Cardiff Bay Barrage is a tidal exclusion barrier forming a 200 ha freshwater lake by impounding the river flows from the Rivers Ely and Taff. The flood control structure built is designed to pass river floods and exclude high tides, allow passage for migrating fish and continued navigation between the bay and the Severn Estuary as well as to provide a public amenity with 12 km of attractive waterfront. The principal structures and ancillary works associated with the Barrage comprise five 9 m wide x 7.5 m high automatically controlled sluices with double-leaf vertical lifting gates, an 8 m wide fish pass and three navigation locks (8 m to 10.5 m wide) with hydraulically operated sector gates. The 700 m long embankment, formed from rock and marine dredged sand, not only impounds the freshwater lake but also prevents both the loss of freshwater and contamination by seawater. The outer harbour (formed by two breakwater arms comprising a series of pre-cast reinforced concrete caisson units) provides a tidal shelter and 'harbour of refuge' for small boats waiting to use the locks. 0521840465 D?7 ! Moutselou, E.; 2004 Severn Estuary Partnership - implementing a strategy of integrated estuary management by building on existing networks and their collaboration i Littoral 2004 - 7th International Conference Delivering Sustainable Coasts: Connecting Science and Policyy University of Aberdeen, Centre for Marine & Coastal Zone Management, Aberdeen Institute for Coastal Sciences & Management Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
coastal management; coastal fora; severn estuary partnership; management strategy; ICM; estuary management; strategic Policy; severn estuary strategy; Availability: Littoral 2004, c/o Cambridge Publications, P.O. Box 27, Cambridge CB1 8TR, UK; phone: +44 (0)1223 333438; fax: +44 (0)1223 333438; email: enquiries@littoral2004.org ?8 l ( Duquesne, S.;
Liess, M.;
Bird, D.J.; 2004x Sub-lethal effects of metal exposure: physiological and behavioural responses of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica 245-250 Marine Environmental Research 58 2-5( Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; toxicity; contamination; baseline; Macoma balthica; bivalves; industry; mining; benthic ecology; August
Variation in glycogen concentration, condition index (CI) and filtration activity were measured in the bivalve Macoma balthica buried in sediment and experimentally exposed to cadmium (Cd). The stress due to elevated but sub- lethal concentrations (300 ppb Cd) affected the overall fitness of the organism as all parameters monitored responded significantly. Lower concentrations tested (10, 30 and 100 ppb) only induced a significant decrease in filtration activity, which may play a protective role, enabling the organism to slow down its metabolic activity and preserving the integrity of its reserves (reflected by stable CI and glycogen levels). Hence, the various endpoints selected show different thresholds. Our results also demonstrate that under high exposure, small individuals loose proportionally more glycogen per unit of weight than larger ones, thus confirming the higher sensitivity of small individuals to metal contamination. Furthermore, exposure to intermediate concentration (30 ppb) seems to be beneficial to the small individuals as indicated by their high CI values compared to the control. These results showed thus that non-sigmoidal concentration-response relationship and sizes of individuals should be considered in monitoring programmes and risk assessment. Twelfth International Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms
Elsevier Science Ltd., The Boulevard Langford Lane Kidlington Oxford OX5 1GB UK, usinfo-f@elsevier.com 0141-1136 Severn Estuary Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK, Sabine.Duquesne@ufz.de ?9 French, P.W.; 1993w Seasonal and inter-annual variation of selected pollutants in modern intertidal sediments, Aust Cliff, Severn Estuary 213-219$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 37 2J Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants U The seasonal and inter-annual variation of pollutants in Severn Estuary intertidal sediments appears partly related to factors other than the levels of pollutants being input to the system from anthropogenic sources. External controls, including seasonality, fluvial discharge and organic matter, are thought to modify pollutant levels in the short term. The sampling of sediments from a fixed station in the Severn Estuary demonstrated this phenomenon with respect to particulate coal debris and zinc. Heavy liquid separation for coal and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis for heavy metals were used to determine pollution levels over a 2-year period from November 1987-October 1989 inclusive, comprising a relatively stormy 12-month period followed by one of relative calm. This appears to be reflected in the pollutant composition of the sediments. 0272-7714 213
\ ?; Doody, J.P.; 2004- 'Coastal squeeze' - an historical perspective 129-138 Journal of Coastal Conservation 10 1! Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
coastal management; reclamation; comparative; coastal defence; managed re-alignment; coastal squeeze; intertidal; estuary; wetland; January0 The use of salt marsh for agricultural use has probably been going on for thousands of years. This paper will look at the situationin southeast England, particularly the Wash. Here enclosure for extended grazing and over the last several hundred years, for arable cultivation, may have taken place since Roman Times. An enclosure of Freiston Shore salt marsh (1979) and a proposed further enclosure at Gedney Drove End at about the same time raised concerns about the cumulative effect of these developments on nature conservation interests. These concerns prompted the nature conservation agencies to oppose the Gedney Drove End enclosure. Though the conservation argument did not persuade the Government that no further enclosure should take place, economic circumstances changed such that the pressure for the creation of new agricultural land diminished. This marked the end of' reclamation' in the Wash. Since then, in the UK at least, there have been no further enclosures of salt marsh for agriculture. What were the arguments that lead to this change? Up to this point the perceived wisdom, in the Wash at least, was that as enclosure took place new inter-tidal land was created to seaward - with no net loss of inter-tidal land. Today we accept that this is not the case and a policy of managed re-alignment has increasingly been adopted in England, at sites ranging from the Porlock shingle ridge in north Devon to the salt marshes of Freiston in the Wash. It is argued that recognition of 'coastal squeeze' probably began in the Wash some 20 years ago. It would appear that we are now witnessing a reversal of this trend. How far will it take us? Will we see a return of the large expanses of tidal swamp around the Wash and elsewhere along the southern North Sea coast? Is this an inevitable consequence of global warming? This paper provides an historical perspective of the issues and arguments that have led us to recognize 'coastal squeeze' and the importance of dynamiccoasts, including the European Commission's 'EURosion Project', which reported in 2004 (Salman et al. 2004). ` http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-abstract &issn=1400-0350&volume=10& issue=1&page=129 1400-0350 129d F?= Langston, W.J.; 2004N Characterisation studies of the southwest's designated European Marine Sites ; Bulletin of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association 46I Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
European Marine Site; conservation; environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; Severn; contamination; baseline; comparative; pollutants; radioactivity; hydrocarbons; nutrient; organic materials; toxicity;X Scientists at the Marine Biological Association (MBA) in Plymouth have recently completed a major project to assess our current understanding of the impacts from a comprehensive range of contaminants (metals, hydrocarbons, synthetic organics, nutrients, radionuclides) in six southwest marine sites - Fal and Helford; Plymouth Sound and Estuaries; Severn Estuary; Poole Harbour; Exe Estuary; Chesil and the Fleet. The six are designated European Marine Sites (Special Areas of Conservation and/or Special Protection Areas) for the rare and important habitats and species occurring within the sites. 9 _ ?> ' Kirby, R.
Henderson, P.A.
Warwick, R.M. 2004. The Severn, UK: Why is the estuary different? 3-17} Proceedings of the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology. Part C. Journal of marine science and environment 1 Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions
severn; conservation; environmental impact; technology; barrage; biodiversity; benthic ecology; Tidal power; impact; Extensive data sets are used to review biological, chemical and physical interactions in the estuary of the River Severn, in an effort to isolate why the system is as it is, what its controls are, and what implications this might have for conservation and for large engineering projects. Review of system biology shows unambiguously that the faunal and sometimes floral communities are exceptionally suppressed, often manifest in vestigial form and in several geographical areas to all intents and purposes absent. Barrenness is an unusual attribute for an estuary. Explanations for this unusual occurrence are considered, starting with regional aspects of water column and bed chemistry. No material evidence for the presence of a natural or anthropogenic contaminant which might explain the suppression of ecosystems has been found. On the other hand, semi-lunar cyclicity of dissolved oxygen levels in the water body and at the bed is recognised. When the physical regime is considered, what emerges as especially noteworthy is the extremity of concentration values of the ambient suspended sediment population and the manner in which this is cycled on and off the bed on semi-diurnal and semi-lunar timescales. As opposed to some pernicious contaminant therefore, the factor inducing this extreme ecosystem suppression is the natural cycling of the mobile cohesive sediment population of the estuary. This is further confirmed by several related strands of evidence from the historical sediment successions, which show absence of secondary biogenic disturbance extending back in time at least 2000 years. This natural suppression of ecosystems, in places to the extent of rendering the system abiotic, has, it is suggested, implications for conservation, in particular the need to home in and designate the primary driver, not the passive response to this. Similarly, the role of the Bristol Channel in reproduction and recruitment needs to be highlighted. Even large-scale industrial projects, in particular dredging or construction works, are unlikely to have a detectable impact except where they involve a take of the poorly inhabited intertidal zone. Equally and exceptionally, should a tidal power barrage ever be built, it will inevitably be accompanied by proliferation of organisms, communities and the ability to sustain these into adulthood, as opposed to the occasional, non-specialised, immature, unstable and vestigial faunas presently to be found. 1741-1165 ! ߴ?? 2 Morris, R.;
Moffat, A.;
Hill, M.;
Ramsay, K.; 2005j The selection of Natura 2000 sites in England and Wales, with particular reference to the Severn Estuary 29-35~ Proceedings of the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology. Part C. Journal of Marine Science and Environment 3 Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Natura 2000; conservation; habitat; SAC; SPA; habitats directive; severn; estuary; The process of selection of Natura 2000 sites under the EC Habitats Directive is described, along with the differences from protected site selection processes previously adopted in the UK. Some of these differences have been challenged by other contributors to this journal, but can only be examined in detail if the context for site selection is clearly explained first: without such explanations, judgements can be interpreted as perverse or indeed incorrect. This paper responds to assertions that designation of the Severn Estuary is perverse and that the requirements of the Habitats Directive would be better served by designation in the Bristol Channel and further out to sea. The rationale for selection of Natura 2000 sites (SAC) and its application to the SeD?@ ! Anon 2003p Decadal persistence of radiolabelled organic wastes in the Severn Estuary: Evidence from the intertidal record D ISEG 2003: 6th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry Edinburgh, Scotland Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; pollutants; intertidal; geochemistry; radioactivity; persistant organic pollutants; POPs; ISEG 2003;0 7-11 Sep 2003. (World Meeting Number 000 7037) Notes Availability: ISEG 2003, In Conference Ltd; phone: +44(0)131 556 9245; fax: +44(0)131 556 9638; email: joanne@in-conference.org.uk; URL: www.iseg2003.com. Paper No. 70 PD;A ! k Lin, B.
Falconer, R.
Francis, C.
Humphrey, N.
Jones, K.
Kay, D.
Lei, Y.
Paul, N.
Stapleton, C.
Watkins, J. 1993 Modelling a complex mixture of point and diffuse microbiological inputs to high energy and turbid estuarine bathing waters: The Severn EstuaryF 7th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution and Basin Management Dublin, Ireland Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
pollution; management strategy; modeling; microbes; turbidity; estuary; bathing waters; Contamination; severn; water quality; 22nd August 2003 Notes Availability: 7th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution and Basin Management, c/o Conference Organizers Ltd., Clifton House, Lower Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. Paper No. M121
Conference sponsor: International Water Asssociation X ?B ) Kartar, S.;
Milne, R.A.;
Sainsbury, M.; 1973# Polystyrene waste in Severn Estuary 144 Marine Pollution Bulletin 4 9 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollutants; waste; polyethylene; Severn; contamination; baseline; j_ /p?C Kartar, S.R.;
Abou-Seedo, F.; 1974= Polystyrene spherules in the Severn Estuary-a progress report 52 Marine Pollution Bulletin 7 3 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollutants; waste; polystyrene; Severn; pollution; baseline?D Ferns, PN;
Lang, A. 2003h The value of immaculate mates: Relationships between plumage quality and breeding success in shelducks 521-532 Ethology 109 6 Climate Change Impacts: Species Immaculateness, a novel measure of bird plumage quality, defined as the regularity of the borders of a coloured patch of feathers, and the uniformity of the colour within the patch, tends to decline as a result of feather wear and damage. If it declines more quickly amongst birds in poor condition, it has the potential to act as an honest signal of individual quality and therefore be subject to social and sexual selection. We scored plumage immaculateness in shelducks Tadorna tadorna, based on the absence of white feathers in the red-brown chest band and the evenness of the band's border. We monitored body condition and plumage quality in birds at feeding sites in the Severn Estuary (UK) during the early breeding season when females were forming eggs, and later in the season when chicks arrived. Drakes bad more immaculate chest bands than ducks. At preferred feeding sites, drakes were more immaculate, and birds of both sexes were in better body condition. Birds with more immaculate plumage tended to mate assortatively at preferred sites and were more likely to produce a brood that survived the journey to the feeding areas. Immaculateness could therefore be an honest signal of parental quality. Although our evidence is only correlational, we suggest that plumage immaculateness indicates the ability to establish and maintain control over the best breeding sites and feeding territories in the face of competition with other shelducks. 521 ?E [ Langston, W.J.;
Chesman, B.S.;
Burt, G.R.;
Hawkins, S.J.;
Readman, J.;
Worsfold, P.; 2003 Site characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites. The Severn estuary possible Special Area of Conservation, Special Protection Area 111K Occasional publication. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 13 Plymouth Plymouth Marine Laboratory Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Plymouth Marine Laboratory; English Nature; Environment Agency; conservation; pSAC; spa; biodiversity; severn estuary stategy; coastal management; environmental assessment; water quality; habitat loss; distribution; flora; fauna; Trace metals; industry; heavy metals; toxicity; sewage; pollution; contamination; baseline; hydrocarbons; sediment; sediment dynamics; european Marine site; This project has two main objectives. Firstly, to characterise the site in terms of water quality, both current and over recent years (up to 2002), and to identify areas where conditions might result in effects on habitats and species for which the site was designated. Secondly, to consider permissions, activities and sources, either alone or in combination which have, or are likely to have, a significant effect on the site. Site characterisation has been accomplished by review of published literature and unpublished reports, together with interrogation of raw data sets, notably that of the EA (this does not include recent compliance data and other forms of self-monitoring for Integrated Pollution Control sites, which was not available). Some of the key findings are: the unique physical features of the Estuary dominate sediment distributions and composition, which are, in turn, the main components governing distributions of organisms. Much of the sub-tidal Severn mud is impoverished in terms of biota and even some sandy areas may be impoverished because of extreme mobility of silts at spring tides. Because physical conditions dominate, for the majority of biological communities, there is little unequivocal evidence of additional impact due to contaminants across the Estuary as a whole. Individual populations may have been impacted, close to major discharges, though most evidence is correlative rather than mechanistic. Metals have traditionally been a major concern in the Estuary, because of smelting and other metal industries. Cd, As, Cr and Hg probably originate mainly from industrial sources around the Estuary whilst Cu, Zn and Ni are predominantly riverine in origin with additional inputs from trade and sewage discharges. Concentrations in sediments are commonly above interim sediment quality guidelines over much of the Estuary, but only occasionally exceed probably effects levels. Bioaccumulation of metals occurs widely in invertebrates, though the ecological significance is still uncertain. Hydrocarbon compounds, including PAHs, are present, locally, in elevated concentrations. Sources include a combination of fossil fuel combustion, shipping, urban run-off, STW and various point-source and diffuse discharges from industrialised areas. Local coal and oil bearing strata also contribute, though the principal component appears to be anthropogenic. Moderately high levels of PAHs are present in sediment from much of the system and for some individual PAHs concentrations occasionally exceed probable effects levels. This may have consequences for benthic fish species and invertebrates. A number of synthetic organic compounds may be present, locally, in elevated concentrations. However, there is very little robust data with which to characterise the threats to the European marine site from the majority of these compounds. If such threats do occur, these would be expected to be largely localised issues. Rivers probably introduce the largest loadings but there are indications that high pesticide concentrations sometimes occur in discharges. PCB contamination is related to past industrial usage and production. Sediments close to river mouths and docks are classified as being 'heavily contaminated' but decrease at offshore sites. PCBs in eel tissue are elevated in the lower reaches of industrialised catchments in south Wales. Although other fish from Cardigan Bay and the Severn Estuary do not appear to be seriously contaminated, high concentrations have been found in marine mammals from these locations. Data on organotins are surprisingly scarce: however, analysis of dredge spoils in and around the pSAC suggest there may be localised reservoirs of TBT near major conurbations such as Newport and Cardiff, and presumably elsewhere. There are indications of inputs from a number of outfalls throughout the region. Nutrient levels and loadings in the Severn Estuary are considered significant in UK terms. However, high turbidity means that algal productivity is generally low, except in localised hotspots. Eutrophication is therefore not a major issue within the pSAC. Intermittent oxygen sags occur in low salinity regions of the Severn and in some of the principal rivers feeding the Estuary. These probably originate from the high densities of suspendable solids and associated particulate organic matter, perhaps enhanced by discharge outfalls. Anomalously high concentrations of tritium in sediments and benthic biota in the Cardiff area have been attributed primarily to an industrial discharge. Remedial action has been initiated and an application for a revised discharge has been made. Whilst not a threat to humans, the bioavailability, assimilation pathways and effects of organically-bound tritium on marine life require further investigation. Evidence from loadings, concentration data and EQS compliance frequencies indicates continuing improvements in water quality for the major contaminants (e.g. Cd). The balance of evidence indicates that these may coincide with biological improvements, though the extent to which these events are linked remains uncertain. The persistence and behaviour of sediment-bound contaminants, and their potential combined effects, gives rise to the greatest uncertainty about recovery. The purported decline in eel and Twaite shad populations (and several other fish species) appears to run contrary to the general perception of recovery. It has yet to be established whether the causes are related to water quality or other factors within, or even outside, the pSAC (e.g. fishing pressures, natural variability of stocks). ( www.mba.ac.uk/nmbl/publicationsmba.htm 0260-2784 h Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB UK, wjl@mba.ac.uk ?F [ Langston, W.J.;
Chesman, B.S.;
Burt, G.R.;
Hawkins, S.J.;
Readman, J.;
Worsfold, P.; 2003J Characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites. Summary report 111K Occasional publication. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 14 Plymouth Marine Biological Association Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Plymouth Marine Laboratory; English Nature; Environment Agency; conservation; pSAC; spa; biodiversity; severn estuary stategy; coastal management; environmental assessment; water quality; habitat loss; distribution; flora; fauna; Trace metals; industry; heavy metals; toxicity; sewage; pollution; contamination; baseline; hydrocarbons; sediment; sediment dynamics; The UK and EU have recently omitted to an ecosystem-based approach to the management of our marine environment. In line with the requirements of the Habitats regulations, all consents likely to significantly affect Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) are to be reviewed. As part of this process, 'site characterisation' has now been accepted as an important requirement within the Environment Agency's Review of Consents procedures, particularly with respect to complex systems such as estuaries. The current project, undertaken by the Plymouth Marine Science Partnership (PMSP), represents the first phase in this site characterisation - the collation and assessment of existing relevant information (up to 2002). Using published information and unpublished data-sets from regulatory agencies, conservation bodies and research institutes, evidence is compiled on the links between potentially harmful 'activities', environmental quality, and resultant biological consequences. The focus is on the effects of water and sediment quality on the key interest features of European Marine sites in the South West of England, namely: Fal and Helford cSAC; Plymouth Sound and Estuaries cSAC/SPA; Severn Estuary pSAC/SPA; Poole Harbour SPA; Exe Estuary SPA; Chesil and the Fleet cSAC/SPA. Detailed analysis for each of these sites is provided individually, under separate cover (see page ii for full list of titles in this series). This summary report contains an overview of physical properties, uses and vulnerability for each of these sites, together with brief comparisons of pollution sources, chemical exposure (via sediment and water) and evidence of biological impact (from bioaccumulation to community-level response). Limitations of this data, and gaps in our understanding of these systems are highlighted and suggestions are put forward as to where future research and surveillance is most needed. Hopefully this may assist the statutory authorities in targeting future monitoring and remedial activities. & www.mba.ac.uk/nmbl/publicationsmba.htm ISSN 0260-2784 h Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB UK, wjl@mba.ac.uk
c
G w D?H
Henderson, P.A. 20035 Background information on species of shad and lamprey" CCW marine monitoring reports No.7 Bangor CCW9 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries < A review of the suitability of Welsh coastal and estuarine SACs and the Severn Estuary pSAC for the two species of shad, Alosa alosa and A. fallax and the two species of lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis and Petromyzon marinus, is presented. It is clear that for Twaite shad (A. fallax) and river lamprey (L. fluviatilis) that the SAC and pSAC waters are regions where the species can be expected to be at higher than average abundance. The regions also have the potential to hold important populations of sea lamprey (P. marinus) and allis shad (A. alosa). However, for all four species, the latter two in particular, present populations are much reduced from historical levels. The principal reason for this decline was probably linked to the construction of weirs and dams that restricted access to freshwater spawning grounds, plus a decline in river water quality. For all four species our present knowledge of the biology and distribution during the marine part of their life cycle is poor. It is recommended that a reporting scheme be initiated so that accidental captures by commercial fishermen and anglers can be recorded. Further research is also needed on the dispersal during the marine phase in the life cycle, and fidelity to their natal rivers, of all four fish. Twaite shad feed on mysids and small fish, particularly clupeids. These are all plentiful in the focal SACs and pSAC. Allis shad are more planktivorous than twaite shad and feed on crustaceans such as copepods, decapods and euphausiids and small fish. Twaite shad are vulnerable to capture on cooling water intakes and are killed on power station intakes in the Severn Estuary pSAC in considerable numbers. If allis shad were presently spawning in the area then they would likely be similarly vulnerable. Twaite shad are also caught by commercial fishermen, particularly those using traditional traps in estuarine localities. At sea, river lamprey feed on a wide variety of small fish. It is likely that clupeids, particularly sprat, are an important part of the diet. At sea marine lamprey tend to feed on larger prey, including shark and large salmon. The abundance of both lampreys may now be limited by prey availability. It is possible that they were once so common in the Severn because they fed on the abundant shad and salmon that are now at a tiny fraction of historical levels. S http://www.ccw.gov.uk/generalinfo/index.cfm?Action=Repo
?I z Clark, J.A.
Balmer, D.E.
Adams, S.Y.
Grantham, M.J.
Blackburn, J.R.
Robinson, R.A.
Wernham, C.V.
Griffin, B.M.
Milne, L.J. 2002- Bird ringing in Britain and Ireland in 2001 80-143 Ringing & Migration; 21 2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
British Trust for Orntihology; NGOs; Birds; population studies; Migration; severn; seabirds; waders; December This is the 65th annual report of the British Trust for Ornithology's Ringing Scheme covering work carried out and data received in 2001. As part of the BTO's production of the landmark Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain & Ireland, which will review movements of birds using Britain & Ireland, novel approaches to the investigation of the movement patterns and distances were developed. These allow the objective comparison of whether different species are sedentary, short-distance or long-distance migrants and the investigation of differential migration between birds of different age and sex. The BTO continues to carry out a programme of work investigating the declines in bird populations. In 2001, an investigation of Song Thrush population dynamics showed that the survival rates of young birds was key in the population decline; reduction in survival rates also seemed to have driven the fall in numbers of Marsh Tits. Work on movements of waders between roosts on the Moray Basin showed little movement for most species; important information when the possible effects of disturbance are being considered. An investigation of the biometrics of the Redshank wintering on Severn Estuary found that the proportions of Icelandic and British breeders varied between sites; again an important factor in assessing the possible consequences of disturbance. A pilot project, which is investigating the collection of data on movements and demography of farmland passerines in winter is described. Data collected as part of the Constant Effort Sites (CES) Scheme showed significant changes in the numbers of seven species between 2000 and 2001. Of these, five resident species (Blackbird, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Chaffinch and Greenfinch) and one migrant (Whitethroat) showed increases. Only one species (Willow Warbler) decreased. By contrast, productivity tended to be low with 11 species, both residents (Dunnock, Robin, Blackbird, Long-tailed Tit, Blue Tit, Greenfinch and Reed Bunting) and migrants (Sedge Warbler, Reed Warbler, Blackcap and Chiffchaff) showing significant declines. Progress on the EURO-CES project, which aims to develop standard protocols for CES fieldwork and data capture across Europe is reported. Data sets for 86 studies of 42 species were submitted as part of the Retrapping Adults for Survival (RAS) Project. The first detailed analysis of Pied Flycatcher data from RAS-type studies showed that survival rates vary between different areas of the country and confirms the value of this project. The numbers of birds ringed in 2001 (648,936) was 16% below the mean of the previous five years (1996-2000), largely as a result of Foot and Mouth Disease, which restricted the areas ringers had access to. The recovery total (10,692) was 6% lower than the five-year mean (1996-2000). Recoveries of 195 BTO-ringed birds and 77 birds ringed abroad are presented in the report and include a number of unusual or significant movements. Of particular note are the first recovery of a Great White Egret involving Britain & Ireland, the first recoveries of BTO-ringed Honey Buzzards, a BTO-ringed American Golden Plover recovered in Italy, an Hungarian-ringed Knot found in England and the first foreign-ringed Yellow-browed Warbler (from Norway) to be reported in Britain & Ireland. 0307-8698 80 ?J 3 Culshaw, C.;
Newton, L.C.;
Weir, I.;
Bird, D.J.; 2002 Concentrations of Cd, Zn and Cu in sediments and brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK 331-334 Marine Environmental Research; 54 3-5 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Heavy Metals; POLLUTANTS; environmental assessment; baseline; sediments; shrimp; crangon crangon; contamination; September - December Cd, Zn and Cu levels were determined in sediments and Crangon crangon from 9 sites in the Severn Estuary/Bristol Channel during winter 1999. Metal levels in both shrimp and sediments varied significantly between sites and were related to proximity of input and/or sediment type. In the upper Estuary, Cd levels in shrimp were 100x higher than other reported values whereas sediment Cd contamination was comparable. It is suggested that high Cd levels in shrimp are due to the high inputs and enhanced bioavailability of metal during winter. ?K ! Duquesne, S;;
Bird, D. J; 2002 Mechanisms of Toxicity: Metals: Bioavailability of cadmium in Macoma balthica from the Severn Estuary: a comparison of field and laboratory microcosm approaches 367-372V Eleventh International Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 11) 54 3-5 Plymouth, UK( Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Climate Change Impacts: Species
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; toxicity; contamination; baseline; Macoma balthica; bivalves; industry; mining; benthic ecology; September - December 2002 Cadmium remains one of the most significant heavy metals in the sediments of the Severn Estuary, mainly as the result of historical mining activity and discharges from metal smelters. The bioavailability of cadmium in this region appears to be greater than in other industrialised estuaries and high levels are found in benthic invertebrates, fish and birds. In this study, the bioavailability of cadmium was investigated in the bivalve Macoma balthica. Undisturbed sediment cores and associated overlying water from the estuary were used to set up in indoor microcosms. They were enriched with cadmium (0, 30 and 100 ppb Cd) and 32 individuals were placed into the microcosm. After 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, the cadmium concentrations were determined in the animal tissue and in various abiotic compartments. These included the different sediment fractions, the interstitial and overlying water and the suspended and deposited particulate material. The results are compared with the concentrations of cadmium determined in Macoma and the environmental compartments in the field. At some sites, the highest cadmium concentrations were found to be associated with the sand rather that the mud fraction and this may be related to the increased cadmium bioavailability in this region. - Marine Environmental Research ISSN 0141-1136 d ?L Duquesne, S.;
Bird, D.J.; 2002 Mechanisms of Toxicity: Metals: Bioavailability of cadmium in Macoma balthica from the Severn Estuary: a comparison of field and laboratory microcosm approaches 367-372 Marine Environmental Research 54 3-5( Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; toxicity; contamination; baseline; Macoma balthica; bivalves; industry; mining; benthic ecology; September - December Cadmium remains one of the most significant heavy metals in the sediments of the Severn Estuary, mainly as the result of historical mining activity and discharges from metal smelters. The bioavailability of cadmium in this region appears to be greater than in other industrialised estuaries and high levels are found in benthic invertebrates, fish and birds. In this study, the bioavailability of cadmium was investigated in the bivalve Macoma balthica. Undisturbed sediment cores and associated overlying water from the estuary were used to set up in indoor microcosms. They were enriched with cadmium (0, 30 and 100 ppb Cd) and 32 individuals were placed into the microcosm. After 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, the cadmium concentrations were determined in the animal tissue and in various abiotic compartments. These included the different sediment fractions, the interstitial and overlying water and the suspended and deposited particulate material. The results are compared with the concentrations of cadmium determined in M. balthica and the environmental compartments in the field. At some sites, the highest cadmium concentrations were found to be associated with the sand rather that the mud fraction and this may be related to the increased cadmium bioavailability in this region. 0141-1136; RX?N 4 Williams, J ;
Russ, R.;
McCubbin, D. ;
Knowles, J.; 2001< An overview of tritium behaviour in the Severn Estuary (UK) 337-344" Journal of radiological protection 21 4 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; radioactiviy; bioindicators; toxicity; Severn; contamination; baseline; flounder; tritium; DecemberR Measurements of tritium (3H) activity in marine species in the Severn Estuary (UK) show concentrations significantly above those predicted by standard models. Concentration factors of 10(4) between seawater and marine species are observed; standard models assume a concentration factor of 1. In addition, the vast majority of activity is present in the form of organically bound tritium (OBT). The critical group dose from tritium--to consumers of local flounder--is estimated as approximately 36 microSv per annum. The measurements are related to the authorised release of wastes, via the sewer system, from the Amersham plc plant at Cardiff. The radiochemical plant manufactures a wide range of isotopically labelled compounds for use in life science research. The elevated levels of tritium observed in marine species have led to a programme of investigative work by specialist organisations. This paper describes the various definitions, measurements and significance of the term OBT. It also outlines the environmental observations and preliminary conclusions from the investigative programme to date.1 http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0952-4746/21/4/301_ Amersham plc, Cardiff LaboratorieI?O Lloyd, A.J.;
Yonge, C.M.; 1947L The biology of Crangon vulgaris L. in the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary 626 - 661C Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 26 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Crangon vulgari; Shrimp; Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; biomass; benthic ecology; ecology; invertebrates; Severn; estuary; A?P R K Mccubbin, D.;
Leonard, K.S.;
Bailey, T.A.;
Williams, J.;
Tossell, P.; 2001{ Incorporation of Organic Tritium ( super(3)H) by Marine Organisms and Sediment in the Severn Estuary/Bristol Channel (UK) 852 - 863 Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 10x Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; Sewage; radioactiviy; nuclear; power station; environmental impact; bioindicators; toxicity; sediment quality; water quality; Severn; contamination; baseline; sprat; winkle; sprattus sprattus; littorina littorea; mussel; Mytilus edulis; flounder; Platichthys flesus; tritium; OctoberA Discharges of tritium ( super(3)H) into the Severn Estuary/Bristol Channel (UK) arise from the authorized release of wastes from nuclear power plants at Hinkley Point and Berkley/Oldbury and from the Nycomed-Amersham radiochemical plant, via the sewer system, at Cardiff. The wastes from the nuclear power plants probably consist almost entirely of super(3)H sub(2)O, whereas those from the radiochemical plant also include uncharacterized super(3)H labelled organic compounds. The total super(3)H concentrations in demersal fish and other benthic organisms in the vicinity of the Cardiff Eastern sewer outfall are significantly elevated compared to those observed around other UK nuclear establishments. Concentrations in filtered seawater were approximately 10 Bq kg super(-1) whilst levels in surface sediment, seaweed (Fucus vesiculosis) and mussels (Mytilus edulis)/flounder (Platichthys flesus) were in the order of 6 x 10 super(2), 2 x 10 super(3), and 10 super(5) Bq kg super(-1) (dry weight), respectively. Almost all the super(3)H found in sediment and biota were organically bound tritium (OBT). The high concentration in these materials, relative to that in seawater, is due to the presence of bioavailable organic super(3)H labelled compounds in the radiochemical waste. It is suggested that bioaccumulation of super(3)H by benthic organisms and demersal fish occurs primarily via a pathway of physico-chemical sorption/bacterial transformation of dissolved super(3)H labelled organic compounds into particulate organic matter, and subsequent transfer up a web of sediment dwelling microbes and meiofauna. Variations in super(3)H accumulation between individual organisms have been interpreted in terms of their different feeding behaviour. Relatively low concentrations were observed in the herbivorous winkle (Littorina littorea) and the pelagic Sprat (Spratus spratus) compared with other benthic organisms and demersal fish. The elevated super(3)H concentrations in seafood, due to bioaccumulation of OBT, have low radiological significance even for the local critical group of seafood consumers. CEFAS, Lowestoft ?Q : Rotchell, J.M.;
Clarke, K.R.;
Newton, L.C.;
Bird, D.J.; 2001 Hepatic metallothionein as a biomaker for metal contamination: age effects and seasonal variation in European flounders (Pleuronectes flesus) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel 151-71 Marine Environmental Research 52 2
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
flounder; pleuronectus flesus; organic materials; pollutants; heavy metals; biomass; fish; biodiversity; food web; environmental assessment; baseline; population studies; bioindicators; toxicity; August Hepatic concentrations of metallothionein [MT] and three metals (Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined in 242 European flounders (Pleuronectes flesus) collected from power stations at Oldbury-upon-Severn and Hinkley Point, located in Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK, respectively, between March 1996 and February 1998. A model involving three-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine variation in MT and metal concentrations with respect to season, year and site; with age-class included as a covariate in the analysis. Hepatic concentrations of MT and Cd (and to some degree, Cu, but not Zn) increased significantly with age. The model explained 38, 25, 17 and 26% of the variation in MT, Cu, Zn and Cd, respectively, with significant effects due to season, and to a lesser extent, to year. Site was only a significant factor for Cd which was higher in fish from Hinkley. Correlation between the individual concentration of MT and each metal alone, or in combination, was poor, and explained only an additional 3.0% of the residual variation in MT, most of which was attributable to Cu (2.7%). Compared to other industrialised estuaries, Cd concentrations were high (>20 micro g-1 in some individuals). The study emphasises the importance of seasonal variation and other factors in biomonitoring programmes and highlights the limitations of using [MT] as a biomarker for metal contamination in flounders from the Severn Estuary. ?R Y Potter, I.C.;
Bird, D.J.;
Claridge, P.N.;
Clarke, K.R.;
Hyndes, G.A.;
Newton, L.C.; 2001 Fish fauna of the Severn Estuary. Are there long-term changes in abundance and species compositions and are the recruitment patterns of the main marine species correlated 15-373 Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 258 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; biomass; macrofauna; ecology; fish; fauna; goby; pout; whiting; bass; mullet; herring; water quality; cod; flounder; lamprey; abundance; recruitment; 30 MarchN
Fish were collected from the intake screens of the Oldbury Power Station in the Severn Estuary in each week between early July 1972 and late June 1977 and at least twice monthly between early January 1996 and late June 1999. The annual catches, after adjustment to a common sampling effort, demonstrate that the abundance of fish at Oldbury was far greater in the 1990s than 1970s, mainly due to marked increases in the numbers of certain marine species, such as sand goby, whiting, bass, thin-lipped grey mullet, herring, sprat and Norway pout. These increases may reflect the great improvement that occurred in the water quality of the Severn Estuary between these decades. The only species that declined markedly in abundance was poor cod. Modest declines in flounder and River lamprey paralleled those occurring elsewhere in the UK. The species composition in the two decades also differed, reflecting changes not only in the relative abundances of the various marine estuarine-opportunistic species, which dominated the ichthyofauna, but also in those of the suite of less abundant species in the estuary. The cyclical changes undergone each year by the species composition of the fish fauna of the Severn Estuary reflect sequential intra-annual changes in the relative abundances of species representing each of the marine, diadromous and freshwater categories. New approaches have been developed to test whether or not large sets of correlations between patterns of recruitment amongst abundant marine species (internal correlations), and between those patterns and salinity and water temperature within the estuary (cross-correlations), were significant. The correlation profile analyses found no evidence that the annual recruitment strengths of these species were either intercorrelated, or correlated with either one or a combination of both of the above environmental variables. Yet, the timings of the recruitment of these species into the estuary were intercorrelated, i.e. a slightly earlier or later than normal immigration by one species in a given year was paralleled by the same trend in other species. However, this association in recruitment times could be linked neither to salinity nor water temperature within the estuary, nor to a combination of these two variables. These results indicate that, while the factors that influence the annual recruitment strengths of the juveniles of different marine species vary, inter-annual differences in the phasing of events that regulate spawning times and/or larval dispersal influence, in the same direction, the times when marine species are recruited into the estuary. 0022-0981 D?S !
Brown, J. 2000t Measuring the success of non-statutory coastal zone programmes as determined from stakeholder community expectations= Coastal Zone Canada Association 4th International Conference St John, New Brunswick, Canada Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
Strategic Policy; zoning; Shoreline; coastal management; ngos; public policy; coastal zone mangement; czm; 17-22 September 2000G Availability: Sybertooth Inc. Informatics and Information Services, 59 Salem Street, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada E4L 4J6; phone: (506) 364-10943; fax: (506) 536-2949; URL: http://www.sybertooth.ca
Conference sponsor: Aliant, Corridor Resources Inc., Nature Conservancy Canada, Shell Environmental Fund, Noranda, Caris @? ! Henderson, P.A.;
Seaby, R.M.H.; 1993] On the factors influencing juvenile flatfish abundance in the lower Severn Estuary, England 2 Second International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology Texel (Netherlands) Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; diet; macrofauna; ecology; fish; sole; dab; flounder; solea solea; limanda limanda; platichthys flesus; Bridgewater; estuary; 30 Sep-6 Oct 1993 ^ Bridgewater Bay within the Bristol Channel, Somerset, England is a nursery ground for sole, Solea solea, and dab, Limanda limanda during the autumn and winter. Flounder, Platichthys flesus, both juveniles and adults, are common during the summer. Using a 13-year data set of fish in the bay, correlations were studied between climatic, predatory and competitive factors and juvenile flatfish abundance. The major factor was found to be seawater temperature. For sole, abundance was positively correlated with the temperature in the spawning period (April and May). For flounder, abundance was negatively correlated with average temperature during the previous year. For dab, average winter temperature over the spawning period was negatively correlated with juvenile abundance and with mean length observed during the following autumn. These climatic changes were also found to influence the abundance of a large number of other fish and crustacean species which were potential predators or competitors and which in some cases were significantly correlated with flatfish abundance. The data set was analysed using multiple correlation analysis. Multi-factorial models of population change which included interspecific and climatic factors were examined. Using first-order partial correlations it was possible to distinguish between different causal models. In every case it was found that interspecific correlations were attributable to both species independently changing in abundance with temperature. No significant correlations between the abundance of potential predators or competitors and juvenile flatfish were detected. O Also published as a journal article in The Netherlands Journal of Sea Research B Affiliation Dep. Zool., Univ. Oxford, S. Parks Rd, Oxford, UK ?
Putley, J. 1999N Riverine Dean. The Maritime and Waterfront Archaeology of the Forest of Dean. Lydney Dean Archaeological Group8 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage ]n Department of Energy/STPG/CEGB8 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Stevenage Warren Spring Laboratory/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Describes the experimental trials carried out for the Marine Pollution Control Unit (MPCY). The project aims to develop techniques for the control and abatement of oil pollution on soft sediments and to provide guidance on the most appriopriate response when contaimination occurs. Concentrates on the application to clear-up techiques to small patches of oil and oil emulsion.
Bridgewater Bay Natural Area. ?
/ Civil and Marine Limited,
Wimpey Environmental, 1991D Outer Bristol Channel: ecological information review and field study5 A Report to English Nature. Contract Number RENZ5143 Swindon English Natureq Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries A review of the available information of the fisheries acivity within the proposed marine aggregate licence area in the outer Bristol Channel indicates that the areas appears not to be used extensively by fishermen. However, boats, especially from the North Devon ports do use the areas from time to time taking a range of demersal fish spcies and crabs. Information on herring and sand eel spawning was also sought. A review of the available literature suggests that , at least for herring and crabs, the area would appear to be suitable as fars as the physcial characteristics are concerned. There were not fisheries data either on an exploited spawning herring population nor burried crabs. Results of the field survey showed that the fishe speices captured were widely distributed having been recorded as common in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel in previous studies. Analysis of the stomach contents of some of the fishe species showed that most were taking small fish (poor cod) and mobile members of the spifauna (shrimps, prawns, and crabs) as prey. Sole were exception in that they were deefing mainly on infauna (amphipods and worms). The infauna appeared to be representative of a widely distributed community type within the Bristol Channel identified in previous studies. Concludes that dredging could be undertaken within the proposed license areas with minimal disturbance to fisheries interests. ?
Pye, K. 1996U Recent Saltmarsh Erosion and sea defence set-back at Aylburton Warth, Gloucestershire Reading) Reading D?W ! Barber, R.W.;
Scott, L.J.; 2000j Numerical modelling of tidal propagation in the Severn Estuary using a depth-adapted non-orthogonal grid J Third International Conference on Environmental Problems in Costal Regions Las Palmas de Canaria, Spain Wessex Institute of Technology Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; harmonic analysis; hydroelectric; modeling; environmental impact; impact; 18-20 September 2000 www.wessex.ac.uk/conferences/ Availability: Wessex Institute of Technology, Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst Southampton SO40 7AA, UK; phone: 44-0-23-80-293223; fax: 44-0-23-80-292853; email: wit@wessex.ac.uk Daresbury Lab., UK eD?X ! Mitchell, R.;
Probert, P.K.; 1983f Environmental and nature conservation aspects of tidal power proposals for the Severn-estuary (U.K.) L Integration of Ecological Aspects in Coastal Engineering Projects Symposium Rotterdam, The Netherlands Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
conservation; environmental impact; barrage; renewable energy; Impact; tidal power; engineering; ecology; 6 -10 June 1983 Availability: 1983, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands, Abstracts, preprints and proceedings available
Conference sponsors: U.N. Educational Scientific and Culture Organisation; UNESCO; International Association Water Pollution, Research and Control; IAWPRC; International Association Hydraulic Research; IAHR; Netherlands Scope Committee; NSC; Royal Institute of Civil Engineers Netherlands; KIVI; nD?Y ! Hawkins, B. 1986 Geology of the Severn Estuary A British Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting
Bristol UKA Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Geology; Severn; 1-5 Sep 1986H Confernce sponsor: British Association for the Advancement of Science
8 Department of Engineering Geology, University of Bristol D?Z ! Brown, P.A.; 1986- Second road crossing for the Severn Estuary B British Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting Paper No. (D6) Bristol, UKi Adaptation: Infrastructure and Engineering
Infrastructure; bridges; second severn crossing; M4; Severn; 1-5 September 1986 Availability: British Association for the Advancement of Science, 23 Savile Row, London W1X 1AB (UK)
Conference sponsor: British Association for the Advancement of Science D?[ ! Baker, C. 1986) Tidal power options in the Severn EstuaryA British Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting Paper No. (D7) Bristol, UK { Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; energy policy; hydroelectric; 1-5 September 1986 Availability: British Association for the Advancement of Science, 23 Savile Row, London W1X 1AB (UK)
Conference Sponsor: British Association for the Advancement of Science D?\ ! Solomon, D. 19865 Severn Estuary fisheries - past, present and future A British Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting Paper No. (D8) Bristol, UKa Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
industry; fisheries; land use; severn; 1-5 September 1986 Availability: British Association for the Advancement of Science, 23 Savile Row, London W1X 1AB (UK)
Confernce Sponsor: British Association for the Advancement of Science D?] !
Ferns, P.; 1986 Birds of the severn estuary A British Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting Paper No. (D9) Bristol (UK)t Climate Change Impacts: Species
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; diet; migration routes; ecology; birds; 1-5 September 1986 Availability: British Association for the Advancement of Science, 23 Savile Row, London W1X 1AB (UK)
Conference sponsor: British Association for the Advancement of Science 1 Department of Zoology, University College Cardiff h D?^ ) Rylie, S.C.;
Knock, C.;
Hutton, A.G.; 1990/ Finite element modeling of the Severn Estuary @ Canadian Applied Mathematics Society Eleventh Annual Conference Halifiax, Nova Scotia, Canada Canadian Applied Mathematics Society; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Computational Mechanics Institute (U.K.) T Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
modeling; sediment dynamics; severn; 29 May - 1 Jun 1990 Availability: Prof. Matiur Rahman, Dept. of Applied Mathematics, Technical University of Nova Scotia, P.O. Box 1000, Halifax, N.S. B3J 2X4, Canada ` @?_ ! j Rotchell, J.M. 1998{ Temporal and spatial variation of cytochrome P4501 A activities in flounder (Pleuronectes flesus) from the Severn Estuary # 8th Annual Meeting of SETAC-Europe Poster Paper No. 3C/P003 Bordeaux, France Adec Tox, Bordeaux Aquitaine, Environment, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Chromato Sud, Hewlett Packard, INERIS, Prolabo, Thermoquest, Universite Bordeaux 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants 14-18 Apr 1998 Available Availability: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Av. E. Mounier 83, Box 1, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; phone: + 32-2/772 90 80; fax: + 32-2/772 68 35 6F?` Anon 2000> Improving wastewater treatment processes in the Severn Estuary World Pumps; 407 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Environmental assessment; baseline; wastewater treatment; Severn; water quality; Sewage; August In April 2000 the expansion and updating of Dwr Cymru Welsh Water's Nash wastewater treatment works was completed. On the banks of the River Usk, a tributary of the Severn, Nash will now serve the whole of Newport, courtesy of a new tunnel and pipeline, for the western half of the town. The project is of vital importance to Dwr Cymru Welsh Water, whose aim is to improve the coastline of the Severn Estuary between Chepstow and Newport. It represents a total investment of some pound sterling 89 million and will eventually take wastewater not only from the population that borders the River Usk but also, via another pipeline, from Chepstow's coastal strip. | Hidrostal Ltd, 4 & 5, The Galloway Centre, Express Way, Hambridge Lane, Newbury, Berks RG14 5TL, UK, sales@hidrostal.co.uk ?a l Wilkinson, D.; 2000 Judicial review action to determine whether certain provisions of the national salmon bylaws 1999 were ultra vires given their parent legislation 143 -145
Water Law 11 4 Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
water resources act; national salmon byelaws; severn; wye; fisheries; salmon; judicial review;
July - August This case concerned judicial review of the National Salmon Byelaws 1999 made by the Environment Agency under Sched. 25, para. 6 to the Water Resources Act 1991 (the 1991 Act), as confirmed by the minister. Mott was a co-lessee of two fisheries: one in the Severn estuary which involved the use of putts and putchers (conical shaped baskets) and stock nets; the other a rod and line fishery on the River Wye. The profitability of these fisheries was adversely affected by the 1999 Byelaws. Byelaw 3 extended the closed season for salmon fishing other than with rod and line from 15 April to 31 May. This reduced the period in which such fishing could take place to fewer than three months in the year, with obvious economic consequences for the appellant. Byelaw 5 required fish caught by rod and line in the early part of the open fishing season to be released - a condition which reduced the attractiveness of the appellant's fishery. '?b Mortimer, R.J.G.;
Rae, J.E.; 2000 Metal Speciation (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) and Organic Matter in Oxic to Suboxic Salt Marsh Sediments, Severn Estuary, Southwest Britain 377 - 386 Marine Pollution Bulletin 40 5 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; trace metals; sediment; pollutants; Severn; contamination; baseline; Mudflats; salt marsh; nutrient cycling; May , Pollutant metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) in Late Flandrian mudflat/saltmarsh sediments in the Severn Estuary are predominantly bound in the carbonate, Fe/Mn oxide and organic phases. Comparison of the oxic Rumney Formation with the suboxic Wentlooge Formation shows that redox conditions control iron cycling, and that this in turn controls trace metal associations. An important fraction of the trace metals present in the Fe/Mn oxide phase in oxic sediments (such as the Rumney Formation) is remobilised during iron reduction and reprecipitated in other phases such as authigenic carbonates (as in the Wentlooge). Since many metal pollutants are highly redox sensitive, a better understanding of the effects of redox on metal speciation in estuarine sediments is useful for management of the coastal environment. 0025-326X 377 L F? Allen, J.R.L.;
Fulford, M.G.; 1987L Romano-British settlement and industry on the wetlands of the Severn Estuary Antiquities 67 Part 2 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Archeology; Roman-Britain; Romano-British; Antiquities; Severn; Land Reclamation; wetland; landscape change; 237?
David, A.; 2003a Lieutenant Murdoch Mackenzie and his survey of the Bristol Channel and the South Coast of England 69-78 Cartography 40 1 k Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Mackenzie; survey; Bristol Channel; bathymetry; Topography; hydrography; June ?d Allen, J.R.L. 2000 Late Flandrian (Holocene) tidal palaeochannels, Gwent Levels (Severn Estuary), SW Britain: character, evolution and relation to shore 353-390 Marine Geology 162 2-4 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Erosion and flooding; sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; geology; sediment; stratigraphy; modelling; salt marshes; palaeoenvironments; transgression; hydrodynamics; sea-level; 15 January 2000 The exceptionally well-exposed Flandrian sediments on the Welsh shores of the Severn Estuary reveal tidal palaeochannel networks uniquely tied to vertically stacked peat-silt couplets. Field relationships show that channels multiplied and were enlarged as each peat (organogenic marsh) was rapidly transgressed, replaced by, and buried beneath silt (mineralogenic marsh). The networks infilled and shrank as the silt marsh later gave way regressively to the next peat marsh. Simulation and hydraulic models show that this cycle depended on an increase followed by a decrease in the tidal prism imposed on the marsh during a sea-level fluctuation. Coupled patterns of channel width, downstream orientation and coarseness of fill suggest that the many networks tied to the final Flandrian peat-silt couplet (Cycle III) ranged inland from a marsh-edge lying of the order of 2 km seaward from the modern coast. q Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, University of Reading, P.O. Box 227, Whiteknights Reading UK 0025-3227 353 A?e 1 Yallop, M.L.;
Paterson, D. M.;
Wellsbury, P.; 2000 Interrelationships between rates of microbial production, exopolymer production, microbial biomass, and sediment stability in biofilms of intertidal sediments 116-127 Microbial Ecology; 39 2 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment; biomass; microbes; benthic ecology; estuarine; hydrodymanics; sediment dynamics; stabilisation; 6
The upper few millimeters of intertidal sediment supports a varied biomass of microbial consortia and microphytobenthos. Many of these organisms release extracellular polymers into the surrounding sediment matrix that can result in sediment cohesion and the increased stability of the sediment. The relationship between the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of these biofilms is not well understood. A combination of mesocosm and field investigations were used to investigate the relationship between microbial production rate (algae and bacteria), the extracellular carbohydrates, biomass, and stability in conjunction with a variety of environmental factors. An inverse relationship was found between rates of algal production and sediment stability both in the field and in laboratory mesocosms, though the relationship was significant only in the field (P < 0.001). Stability of sediments increased with increasing bacterial production rate (P < 0.001). Positive correlations were found between sediment stability and a range of other variables, including algal biomass (P < 0.001), colloidal-S EPS (P < 0.001), colloidal-S carbohydrate (P < 0.01), colloidal-S EDTA (P < 0.01), and sediment water content (P < 0.001). Using the data acquired, a preliminary model was developed to predict changes in sediment stability. Chlorophyll a, water content, and colloidal-S EPS were found to be the most important predictors of stability in intact cores incubated under laboratory conditions. Differences observed in patterns of the surface (0-2 mm) distribution of colloidal-S carbohydrate and chlorophyll a when expressed on a dry weight or areal basis were attributed to effects of dewatering and concomitant changes in wet bulk density. The polymeric carbohydrate (colloidal-S EPS) component of the biofilms was not found to be a constant fraction of the colloidal-S carbohydrate extract, varying from 16 to 58%, and the percentage of polymer decreased logarithmically as chlorophyll a concentrations increased and the biofilms matured (P < 0.001). Changes in the relationships between these variables over the period of biofilm development and maturation highlight the difficulties in their use to predict sediment stability. Exopolymer concentrations were more closely correlated with algal biomass than with bacterial numbers. Rates of algal carbon fixation were considerably greater than those for bacteria, suggesting that the algae have a much greater potential for exopolymer production. It is suggested that the microphytobenthos secretions make a more important contribution to sediment stability. 0095-3628 I School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1UG UK '
Dκ?f ! Mitchener, H.J.
O'Brien, D.J. 1998 Seasonal variability of sediment erodibility and properties on a macrotidal mudflat, Peterstone Wentlooge, Severn estuary, UK L Fifth International Conference on Cohesive Sediment Transport (INTERCOH '98) 3 Seoul, Korea Elsevier Science Ltd. Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
erosion; sediment dynamics; sediment transport; mudflats; SEVERN; peterstone wentlooge; 26-30 May 1998K Coastal and Estuarine Fine Sediment Processes Proceedings in Marine Science
044450463X a wdivisions defined by exposure to waves and by mudflat slope. Slope is separated into steep slope P?g * O'Brien, D.J.
Whitehouse, R.J.S.
Cramp, A. 2000D The cyclic development of a macrotidal mudflat on varying timescales 1539 - 1618 Continental Shelf Research 20 12-13 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
peterstone wentlooge; Mudflats; holocene; sedimentary systems; sediment dynamics; tidal; accretion; erosion;" The development of a mudflat at Peterstone Wentlooge on the north shore of the Severn Estuary, UK, was observed over a two year period on a multi-timescale basis. The mudflat is located in an area with a macrotidal regime, strong tidal currents, exposure to short period wind waves and high turbidity. The mudflat consists of two Holocene sediment layers: relict clay extending over the entire width of the intertidal, overlaid by modern sediment located between the salt marsh edge and mean sea level. A combination of episodic and periodic mudflat development was observed on decadal, seasonal, spring-neap and tidal timescales. There was a clear seasonal development of the modern layer in terms of bed level, morphology and composition, with accretion during spring and summer and with erosion during autumn and winter. This periodic development was superimposed on a longer-term trend of continual erosion of the relict clay when its surface was exposed. The mean seasonal variation in bed level of the modern layer was in the order of 10 cm and was due to the presence or absence of short period waves. On the spring-neap and tidal timescales the development of the mudflat, due to tidally driven processes, was frequently modulated by episodic wave events. Variations of bed level during tidal inundation were observed autonomously and compared well with manual observations taken during exposure on a daily basis. Bed level variations of 1 cm were observed during single periods of tidal inundation and daily through measurements taken during mudflat exposure. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBJ-40X8FGN-B&_user=129520&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C00001075 :?h H Whitehouse, R.J.S.
Bassoullet, P.
Dyer, K.R.
Mitchener, H.J.
Roberts, W. 2000Q The influence of bedforms on flow and sediment transport over intertidal mudflats 1099-1124 Continental Shelf Research 20 10 -11{ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
intertidal; Mudflats; bedform; hydrodymanics; sediment dynamics; sediment; A range of bedforms of different types are found at a range of scales on intertidal mudflats. The different types include (a) channels, creeks and gullies, (b) ridge-runnel systems, (c) ripples and other micro-topography, and (d) cliffs. The main features of these bedform types are illustrated with examples found at a number of NW European mudflat sites studied during the EC INTRMUD project. Some comments are made on their environment of formation and observations of bed sediment properties and flow and suspended sediment processes are presented. Finally, the influence of bedforms on the hydrodynamics, shallow water tidal flow and wave propagation, and sediment processes are discussed. 0278-4343 ^ HR Wallingford Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BA UK, rsjw@hrwallingford.co.uk = ?i
O'Dea, A.
Okamura, B. 1999 Influence of seasonal variation in temperature, salinity and food availability on module size and colony growth of the estuarine bryozoan Conopeum seurati 581-588 Marine Biology 135 4 Climate Change Impacts: Species
bryozoan; Conopeum seurati; bioindicators; water quality; nutrient cycling; biodiversity; distribution; abundance; climate change; paleoenvironments; benthic ecology; ecology; flora; J Zooid size and colony growth of the estuarine bryozoan Conopeum seurati (order: Cheilostomatida; suborder: Malacostegina) were examined over 15 mo at Avonmouth Dock, Avon, England. Data were analysed in conjunction with synchronous measurements of temperature, salinity and food availability. Zooid length, width and area were strongly temperature-dependent, while both food availability and colony growth rate had no significant effect on zooid length, width or area. Salinity and the interaction of temperature and salinity significantly influenced zooid length and area, suggesting that changes in zooid size may result from oxygen limitation in warm waters. The validity of a number of other mechanisms proposed to account for temperature-related changes in zooid size is discussed. The results support the use of zooid size as an indicator of both long-term trends and seasonal variations in temperature in Recent and fossil assemblages as long as data sets are large and the effects of other factors on zooid size are considered. Colony growth rate was found to be significantly influenced by both the amount of food available to the colonies and the combined effect of temperature and food availability, suggesting that growth rate increases as food increases, but that the former may be limited at low temperatures when metabolic rates are low. 0025-3162r School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon UK, a.odea@bristol.ac.uk ?k Allen, JRL 1998a Windblown trees as a palaeoclimate indicator: regional consistency of a mid-Holocene wind field 175-1811 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 144 1-2z Climate Change: Regional/Local
Severn; UK; palaeoenvironments; holocene; palaebiology; stratigraphy; trees; Bioindicators; 15 Nov 1998 The vector-mean fall-direction of trees preserved in an extensive, mid-Holocene peat at Titchwell on the east coast of England is similar to that observed from trees in peats of about the same age exposed in the inner Bristol Channel-Severn Estuary on the opposite coast some 300 km to the southwest. In each area the trees agree in general orientation with contemporary strong winds (Beaufort Scale 7-9). The data indicate that tree fall-directions may be reliably used to establish palaeowind fields over large regions. A westerly air-flow appears to have dominated southern Britain during the Holocene, although the climate is known to have exhibited some variation on millennial and shorter time scales.
0031-0182 175 Affiliation Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 227, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AB, UK H ?l Holvey, A.;
Mawson, W.; 1998 Cleaning up the Usk 381-385 World Tunnelling 11 8| Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
geography; geology; Usk; Sewage; water treatment; October A The River Usk, in Welsh Afon Wysg, rises on the northern edge of the Black Mountain in mid-Wales and flows around the flanks of Brecon Beacons before turning south through pastoral countryside to join the Severn Estuary just east of Cardiff. The town of Newport (Casnewydd) lies near to the mouth of the river, which has a large tidal range of 12 to 13 m at this point. During the era of coal mining in South Wales, Newport had docks for coal loading, but today it is an important centre for high-technology industries. A major pound sterling 70 million investment is being undertaken by Hyder's water business, Dwr Cymru Welsh Water, to upgrade the sewerage infrastructure in the Newport area. Additional works in the Chepstow area will increase this investment to approximately pound sterling 83 million. At present about one-third of Newport's waste-water is discharged after only minimal treatment directly into the River Usk. The new scheme includes a sewer tunnel some 24 to 30 m under the town which will intercept the old outfalls, mostly on the west bank. There are to be three river crossings, pumping stations and a major extension of the Nash Waste Water Treatment Works to increase its capacity threefold. This will involve building six settling and storm balancing tanks, together with biological and sludge treatment facilities. 0956-6700 q?m
McCann, B. 1998 Severn strategy 32-33 Water Quality International Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
water quality; management strategy; severn estuary strategy; Sep-Oct 1998l Efforts to clean up the Severn Estuary include construction of Europe's largest sequencing batch reactor yet 0892-211X
}? $ Prudhomme, C.
Reynard, N.
Crooks, S. 2002T Downscaling of global climate models for flood frequency analysis: where are we now? 1137-1150 Hydrological Processes 16 6 Climate Change: Regional/Local
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
modeling; GCMs;Climate Change; impact; environmental impact; severn; flooding; rainfall; Apr The issues of downscaling the results from global climate models (GCMs) to a scale relevant for hydrological impact studies are examined. GCM outputs, typically at a spatial resolution of around 3degrees latitude and 4degrees longitude, are currently not considered reliable at time scales shorter than I month. Continuous rainfall-runoff modelling for flood regime assessment requires input at the daily or even hourly time-step. A review of the different methodologies suggested in the literature to downscale GCM results at smaller spatial and temporal resolutions is presented. The methods, from simple interpolation to more sophisticated dynamical modelling, through multiple regression and weather generators, are, however, mostly based directly on GCM outputs, sometimes at daily time-step. The approach adopted is a simple, empirical methodology based on modelled monthly changes from the HadCM2 greenhouse gases experiment for the time horizon 2050s. Three daily rainfall scenarios are derived from the same set of monthly changes, representing different possible changes in the rainfall regime. The first scenario represents an increase of the occurrence of frontal systems, corresponding to a decrease in the rainfall intensity; the second corresponds to an increase in convective storm-type rainfall, characterized by extreme events with higher intensity; the third one assumes an increase in the monthly rainfall without any change in rainfall variability. A continuous daily rainfall-runoff model, calibrated for the Severn catchment, was used to generate daily flow series for the 1961-90 baseline period and the 2050s, and a peaks-over-threshold analysis was undertaken to produce flood frequency distributions for the two time horizons. Though the three scenarios lead to an increase in the magnitude and the frequency of the extreme flood events, the impact is strongly influenced by the type of daily rainfall scenario applied. We conclude that if the next generation of GCMs produce more reliable rainfall variance estimates, then more appropriate ways of deriving rainfall scenarios could be developed using weather generators rather than empirical methods.
0885-6087 ISI:000174639300002 q }? ( Reynard, N.S.
Prudhomme, C.
Crooks, S.M. 2001` The flood characteristics of large UK Rivers: Potential effects of changing climate and land use 343-359 Climatic Change 48 2-3
Climate Change: Regional/Local
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
environmental impact; Climate change; risk assessment; flooding; land use; Thames; comparative; climate change scenarios; Modeling;
Integrated Assessment Feb A continuous flow simulation model (CLASSIC) has been used to assess the potential impact of climate and land use changes on the flood regimes of large U.K. catchments. Climate change scenarios, based on the HadCM2 experiments from the Hadley Centre, are applied to the Severn and Thames rivers. The analysis shows that, for the 2050s, the climate change scenarios result in an increase in both the frequency and magnitude of flooding events in these rivers. The various ways of applying the rainfall scenario can have a significant effect on these general conclusions, although generally do not affect either the direction or consistency of the changes. While `best guess' land use changes show little impact on flood response, a 50% increase in forest cover could counter-act the impact of climate change. As would be expected, a large change in the urban cover of the catchments does have a large effect on the flood regimes, increasing both the frequency and magnitude of floods significantly beyond the changes due to climate alone. Further research is required into the potential impacts of seasonal changes in the daily rainfall and potential evaporation regimes, land use changes and the interaction between the two.
0165-0009 ISI:000166270200004 Addresses: Reynard NS (reprint author), Environm Agcy, NCRAOA, Steel House,11 Tothill St, London SW1H 9NF, England
Inst Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon England ? Taylor, S. J.; 1998G Sustainable development in the use of energy for electricity generation 126-132C Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Civil Engineering 126 3h Mitigation: Renewables
renewable energy; barrage; technology; engineering; energy policy; hydroelectric; Augq At the recent UN climate change convention in Kyoto, the EU countries agreed to a further reduction in their CO2 emissions of 8% by 2010, Although the new Sizewell B generator and improvements to other British nuclear plant have helped to ensure that earlier targets have been met, the lack of any planned replacement nuclear generation means that to achieve this new target Britain will need to focus on improving energy efficiency, reducing energy consumption and developing other renewable energy sources as the older stations reach the end of their economic lives. This paper reviews the UK's challenges in a global context and proposes a basis for a national sustainable energy policy with regard to electricity generation. In particular, it calls for the government to encourage development of further nuclear and tidal power stations, including the proposed Severn barrage. ://000075133800003
0965-089X
?
Maddy, D.; 2002 An evaluation of climate, crustal movement and base level controls on the Middle-Late Pleistocene development of the River Severn, UK 329-338" Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 81 3-4 Climate Change
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level Change
pleistocene; severn; valley; dating techniques; isotopes; sea-level; climate change; paleoclimatology; stratigraphy; modeling; uplift; transgression; eustacy; Dec! The Pleistocene development of the lower Severn valley is recorded in the fluvial sediments of the Mathon and Severn Valley Formations and their relationship to the glacigenicWolston (Oxygen Isotope Stage 12), Ridgacre (OIS 6) and Stockport (OIS 2) Formations. The most complete stratigraphical record is that of the Severn Valley Formation, which post-dates the Anglian Wolston Formation and comprises a flight of river terraces, the highest of which is c. 50 m above the present river. The terrace staircase indicates that the Severn has progressively incised its valley during the post-Anglian period. The terrace sediments are predominantly composed of fluvially deposited sands and gravels, largely the result of deposition in high-energy rivers under cold-climate conditions. Occasionally towards the base of these terrace deposits low-energy fluvial facies are preserved which contain faunal remains and yield geochronology which support their correlation with interglacial conditions. This simple stratigraphy supports a climate-driven model for the timing of terrace aggradation and incision, with the incision mode at its most effective during the cold-warm transitions and the aggradational mode at its most effective during warm-cold climate transitions. The chronology of terrace aggradation in the lower Severn seems to correspond with the Milankovitch 100ka climate cycles. The timing of incision events suggests that base level (eustatic sea-level) changes do not play a significant role i.e. incision occurs as sea-level is rising.
Although climate change is significant in governing the timing of incision, the long-term incision of the River Severn appears to be driven by crustal uplift. A long-term incision rate of 0.15 m ka(-1), calculated using the base of the terrace deposits, is believed to closely equate with the long-term uplift rate. Superimposed on this long-term uplift are periods of complex terrace sequence development resulting from rapid incision during periods of glacio-isostatic rebound, with large incision events reflecting the rebound adjustment to late glacial stage isostatic depression. However, in no case in the Severn valley has glacial encroachment led to enhanced incision, suggesting that there has been no additional uplift resulting from isostatic compensation for glacial erosion.
0016-7746 ?p French, PW 1998L The impact of coal production on the sediment record of the Severn Estuary 37-43 Environmental Pollution 103 1z Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants 1998 A link between historical coal production and sediment coal concentrations in saltmarsh sediments is demonstrated for the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain. It is clear that whilst coal production has varied in accordance with industrial demand, the environmental impact has been manifested in a corresponding increase in environmental pollution. Furthermore, the transfer of coal between production site and estuarine sediment has introduced a lag period into the transfer mechanism, argued to be of different periods by different authors, but generally agreed to exist. With coal production at the present time effectively zero, it can be argued that new input has to come from contaminated sediments already present within the Estuary. Current estimates indicate that the intertidal mudflat sediments of the contemporary system currently hold around 10 super(5)-10 super(6) tonnes of coal, whilst erosion of the three marshes studied here suggest an input of coal from this source ranging from 76 to 134 tonnes a super(-1). As a consequence, both contemporary mudflats and saltmarshes must both be regarded as potential future coal pollution sources. [ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031736437&partner=40&rel=R4.5.0 0269-7491 37j Affiliation Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK ?r . Martin, M.H.;
Nickless, G.;
Stenner, R.D.; 1997} Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc in the alga Fucus serratus in the Severn Estuary from 1971 to 1995 325-334 Chemosphere 34 2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; algal; fucus serratus; trace metals; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; baseline; pollution; Jan Changes in the Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in the mature thallus of the seaweed Fucus serratus collected from a lower-shore site in the heavily polluted Severn Estuary, (U.K), were recorded from 1971 to 1995. Over the period of observation Cd showed a dramatic reduction in concentrations whilst Pb showed low concentrations throughout the monitoring period due, it is suggested, to low of solubility/bioavailability of Pb in this environment with its high pH and high suspended-sediment load. Seasonal changes of Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations were observed in this alga. Concentrations of metals in the mature thallus, expressed as two-monthly means, showed highest values in March /April and lowest values in September/October 0045-6535Q Affiliation Sch. Biol. Sci., Univ. Bristol, Woodland Rd., Bristol BS8 1UG, UK d D? ! Rae, J.E.;
Allen, J.R.L; 1991 The significance of organic matter degradation in the interpretation of historical pollution trends in depth profiles of estuarine sediment; Estuarine Research Conference
Estuaries, 16 3B
San Francisco Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; water quality; pollution; organic materials; pollutants; Severn; contamination; baseline; published 1993 The quantitative significance of organic matter degradation in bringing about the early diagenetic mobility of anthropogenic trace metals (Cu, Zn, Pb) is assessed specifically in relation to the use of estuarine sediments as historical records of pollution. A 1,500 mm salt-marsh sediment depth profile from Tites Point, Severn Estuary, England, was sampled at 10-mm intervals. Organic carbon determinations were carried out by a wet oxidation technique, and 'organic fraction' metals were separated by sequential leaching. Results demonstrated that organic phase metals are quantitatively significant in Severn Estuary sediments, particularly Cu and Zn (Cu > Zn), and that metals are probably released from this fraction during early diagenesis. The degree of release, and the apparent loss of the released trace metals from the sediment, would suggest that the use of estuarine sediments as historical records of pollution requires qualification. = (also published in Estuaries, Vol 16 no. 3B in 1993 (book)) 0160-8347 p Affiliation Postgrad. Res. Inst. Sedimentol., Univ. Reading, P.O. Box 227, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AB, UK +?t Ferns, P.N.;
Anderson, J.I.; 1997] Lead in the diet and body tissues of dunlins, Calidris alpina, from the Bristol Channel, UK 35-42 Environmental Pollution ; 96 1 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
dunlin; Calidris alpina; food web; biomass; Contamination; baseline; bioindicators; biodiversity; lead; Toxicity; heavy metals; 1997 Lead concentrations were determined in the organs of a shorebird, the dunlin (Calidris alpina) in its main invertebrate prey, and in sediments collected from five sites in the Bristol Channel. The highest sediment concentrations were found in the Taf Estuary (97 mu g g super(-1) dry mass). The highest concentrations in invertebrates were found in the upper Severn Estuary (45 mu g g super(-1) dry mass in Nereis diversicolor). In dunlins, the highest concentrations were found in the sternum (25 mu g g super(-1) dry mass in males), followed by the beak, legs, kidney, liver and pectoral muscle. Adult males contained significantly higher concentrations (ca 20%) than adult females, and in some cases adults had significantly higher concentrations than first year birds (36% higher in the case of the sternum). Lead concentrations tended to increase throughout the winter, being 37-115% higher in the spring. Birds were able to purge themselves of a substantial portion of their body lead burdens, probably during the autumn moult. 0269-7491 35U Sch. Pure and Applied Biol., Univ. Wales, Cardiff, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF1 3TL, UK B?u
Kirby, R.; 1997 Environmental consequences of tidal power in a hypertidal muddy regime: the Severn Estuary
Consequences environnementales de l'energie maremotrice en regime de grandes marees boueuses: l'Estuaire de la Severn 50-56 Houille blanche. Grenobleq [Thirtieth anniversary of the Rance tidal power plant.] Trentieme Anniversaire de Le Rance L'energie Maremotrice 3 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Severn; Comparative; tidal power; tidal; environmental impact; impact; sediment dynamics; benthic ecology; barrage; sewage; population studies; Environmental consequences of tidal power in a hypertidal muddy regime: the Severn estuary, par R. Kirby Muddy hypertidal regimes, such as the Sevem Estuary in the UK, are especially difficult for plants and animals. The difficulties stem from the semi-diurnal and semi-lunar energy fluctuations. On spring tides entrained fine sediment induces elevated suspended sediment concentrations such that phtosynthesis is inhibited. On neap tides much of the entrained fine sediment is deposited on the subtidal bed over periods of several days to form ephemeral dense layers, which reach in excess of 100 g/l and rapidy become anaerobic on stagnation. Such occasional bed faunas as develop are characterised by very large numbers of immature individuals of a few species. One of the few organisms able to cope with the extreme conditions is the siliceous reef-building worrn Sabellaria. Arising from the long term supression in its calcareous fauna, erosion and winnowing of these Holocene clays fails to give rise to lag shell deposits, called chenier ridges, found elsewhere in eroding muddy intertidal systems. A tidal power barrage would shift the regime from hypertidal to macrotidal decrease in turbidity would perrnit photosynthesis and phytoplankton growth, so stimulating the higher food chain. Ironically, perhaps, cleaning up the sewage discharges in the estuary, in the absence of barrage construction, would lead to a wading bird crash whereas barrage construction would lead to an improved carrying capacity. 0018-6368 ?v Williamson, H.J.
Ockenden, M.C. 1996@ ISIS: An instrument for measuring erosion shear stress in situ 1-18$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 42 1 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
shear stress; erosion; modeling; mudflats; Bristol Channel; sediment dynamics; ISIS; Portishead; Severn; Instrument for measuring shear stress for erosion in situ (ISIS) has been developed to measure the erosion shear stress of muddy sediments on intertidal mud flats. Erosion shear stress is defined in this paper as the minimum applied bed shear stress required to initiate erosion and remove sediment from the bed surface. An applied shear stress is generated by the flow through and around a specially shaped bell head, which draws water radially across the bed into the centre of the bell head. The applied shear stress is a function of the distance from the bell head to the bed surface and the discharge through the system. The design of ISIS was assisted by the use of a computational numerical flow modelling package. The operating conditions giving the most even shear stress across the whole test section were discharges of 0.01-0.6 ls super(-1), and bell-to-bed 2 distance of 4-8 mm giving a shear stress of 0.02-5 Nm super(-2). The ISIS system was calibrated using hot film shear stress probes. The calibration data gave a 92% fit to the calibration function for shear stress. Laboratory measurements with ISIS of the erosion shear stress of mud beds consolidated for c. 1.5 days, showed surface shear stresses of 0.11-1-0.24 Nm super(-2). These were very similar to values of surface erosion shear stress measured for the same mud in an annular flume. The ISIS system was used to measure surface erosion shear stresses on the mud flats at Portishead and Blue Anchor Bay in the Severn Estuary, U.K. Surface erosion shear stresses at Portishead were generally in the range 0.2-0.5 Nm super(-2). The surface erosion shear stresses measured at Blue Anchor Bay, which included mud and sand, ranged between 0.1-1.9 Nm super(-2). 0272-7714 > Affiliation HR Wallingford, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BA, UK S?w Kellaway, G.A.; 1996U Discovery of the Avon-Solent Fracture Zone and its relationship to Bath hot springs 34-39 Environmental Geology; 28 1 geology; valley; 1996? The hot springs of Bristol and Bath and two geothermal wells at Southampton are located on a 155-km-long Avon-Solent Fracture Zone extending in a NW-SE direction from the Severn Estuary to the English Channel. Initiated during the Variscan earth movements and reactivated in Miocene times, the structure, which extends across the English Channel to France, is still active. With this discovery, it should now be possible to throw fresh light on the origin and movement of the thermal water at Bath and thus to protect the hot springs from derogation by limestone quarrying. 0943-0105 34: Affiliation 14 Cranedown, Lewes, East Sussex BN7 3NA, UK ]?x French, PW 1996m Implications of a saltmarsh chronology for the Severn Estuary based on independent lines of dating evidence 115-125 Marine Geology 135 1-4/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment 1996 There has been much work done on metal trends in salt marsh sediment sequences, but relatively little on radiometric dating of these same deposits. Using the example of the Severn Estuary, southwest England, both of these techniques are used to demonstrate how temporal metal pollution trends can be spatially correlated throughout the estuary to provide a series of dated time planes representing 1840, 1936, 1951, and 1958. Using these time planes a stratigraphic correlation of the cyclic saltmarshes of the system is demonstrated. Using this correlation, it has been shown how vertical marsh accretion rates vary in the Severn Estuary with respect to both time and space, and that the elevation and spatial position of the marsh surface is of fundamental importance when considering vertical accretion rates. From this, it becomes evident that the potential misconceptions which can arise when quoting single estimates of accretion for an estuary can be very misleading in an understanding of macro-scale estuarine processes.
0025-3227 115M HYSED, Department of Geography, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK ?y . Woolnough, S.J.;
Allen, J.R.L.;
Wood, W.L. 1995O An exploratory numerical model of sediment deposition over tidal salt marshes 515-543$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 41 5 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; sediment; modeling; estuarine; Norfolk; Lincolnshire; comparative; tidal; hydrodynamics; This paper describes an exploratory numerical model of sediment transport and deposition on an idealized tidal salt marsh. The mass transport equation is simplified to make it hyperbolic in one space dimension and time. The box scheme is used for the numerical solution and this is satisfactorily checked against an exact solution for a particular case. Difficulties encountered in the numerical solution for the flood and ebb tides are discussed. The results from using the programme on sediment made up of a population of different sized particles are in qualitative agreement with observations on the Severn Estuary and the Lincolnshire and Norfolk coasts. 0272-7714X Affiliation Dep. Mathematics, Univ., P.O. Box 220, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AX, UK G '?z Allen, J.R.L. 1995 Salt-marsh growth and fluctuating sea level: Implications of a simulation model for Flandrian coastal stratigraphy and peat-based sea-level curves 21-45 Sedimentary Geology 100 1-4 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Erosion and flooding; sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; geology; sediment; Salt marshes; modelling; palaeoenvironments; Stratigraphy 1995 Using a sea-level rise term composed of steady and periodic parts, a zero-dimensional, numerical model for the vertical growth of high tidal mudflats and marshes has been operated under varying conditions of sediment supply. The model simulates the creation of dynamically stable marshes beneath which form stratigraphic sections in which organic beds (silty peat and/or peat marshes) are intercalated with silts (mudflats or minerogenic marshes). In the model, implemented for conditions in the Severn Estuary (SW Britain), a regressive overlap arises closer to the maximum of the periodic component of sea level than does the corresponding transgressive overlap to follow. Overlaps arise at variable levels within the tidal frame, but generally well above the position of mean high-water spring tides. The results support the 'oscillatory' concept of sea-level movement but provide evidence and explanations for large intrinsic uncertainties in sea-level curves based on radiocarbon-dated peats. 0037-0738 21k Affiliation Postgraduate Res. Inst. for Sedimentologyq Dr?{ ! Cooper, B.
Dun, R. 1995& Swansea Bay coastline response study V Fifth Conference of the European Union for Coastal Conservation (EUCC). Coastlines '95 Swansea Samara, Cardigan (UK) Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Technology; information management; coastal management; modeling; capacity building; Swansea Bay; sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics;
3-7 Jul 1995 This paper describes the completion of a study to establish an understanding of the coastal mechanisms influencing 115km of coastline in South Wales. It comments on the investigation, development and management of a computational model established to cover the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. Finally it identifies the advantages of the use of the model and its potential for future development. Healy, M.G.
Doody, J.P.
1873692064 P?| 2 Bird, D.J.
Potter, I.C.
Hardisty, M.W.
Baker, B.I. 1994 Morphology, body size and behaviour of recently-metamorphosed sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, from the lower River Severn, and their relevance to the onset of parasitic feeding 67-74 Journal of Fish Biology: 44 1 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; Petromyzon marinus; sea lampreys; baseline; population studies; diet; bass; Dicentrarchus labrax; biomass; food web;a Several hundred recently-metamorphosed Petromyzon marinus were caught during heavy freshwater discharge in the River Severn on the night of 30 November/1 December 1988. The total lengths of a subsample of 42 males and 82 females ranged from 155 to 218 mm, with a mean of 182 mm in both sexes. The buccal funnel, eyes, fins and the teeth on the suctorial disc and tongue-like piston were very well-developed. When placed in full-strength sea water, the lampreys fed on bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), leaving prominent scars on these hosts. The morphology, body size and time of capture of the River Severn sea lampreys provide very strong circumstantial evidence that these lampreys had been feeding for some weeks. Since they were caught when moving downstream and were capable of feeding in sea water, they were presumably about to begin their parasitic marine life. 0022-1112I Affiliation Univ. Luton, Park Square, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 3JU, UK ?} Claridge, P.N.
Potter, I.C. 1994{ Abundance, seasonality and size of Atlantic salmon smolts entrained on power station intake screens in the Severn Estuary 527-534B Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74 3 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; migration; salmon; macrofauna; ecology; fish; Atlantic salmon smolts were sampled from the intake screens of the Oldbury power station in the inner Severn Estuary at weekly intervals between July 1972 and June 1977. These catches, and those taken over nearly three years from the nearby Berkeley power station, demonstrated that the abundance of smolts in the estuary peaked in autumn (October) and, to a far greater extent, in spring (April and May). However, small numbers of smolts were occasionally found in all other months of the year except July. Standard length-frequency distributions of smolts remained unimodal throughout the year. Lengths ranged from 76 to 187 mm, mean 130.2 plus or minus 1.87 mm (95% CL), and wet weights ranged from 5.4 to 68.0 g, mean 26.9 plus or minus 1.17 g. The mean monthly standard length of smolts increased slightly between the autumn of one year and the spring/early summer of the next year, suggesting that, on average, the former were six months younger than the latter. The condition factor was significantly greater in autumn (1.40) than in spring (1.23). It is estimated that the total number of salmon smolts entrained annually on the screens at Oldbury during the five years ranged from 92 to 791, with a mean of 405. Total estimated numbers at Berkeley ranged from 196 to 788 per annum. The numbers at Oldbury are lower than those estimated for the downstream migrants of the Twaite shad, another anadromous species, and far lower than those of the most abundant of the marine fish species that use the Severn Estuary as a nursery area. 0025-3154 S Affiliation Plymouth Mar. Lab., Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK ?~ Ferns, P.N.; 1994M The Severn Estuary's changing wader populations during the last two decades 219-227) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 52 1-2b Climate Change Impacts: Species
waders; severn; birds; biodiversity; dunlin; population studies; Many of the changes in population size which have occurred in the wading birds of the Severn Estuary reflect changes that have taken place in Britain as a whole. An important exception is the dunlin, which has maintained its numbers in the Severn despite undergoing a significant decline nationally. The fluctuations of several species show evidence of the effects of the hard winters of 1979, 1982 and 1986, the dry conditions of 1976 and perhaps of good breeding seasons in the high Arctic. Bridgwater Bay has declined in importance for nearly all species, with many individuals appearing to have switched to the Rumney on the northern shore. 0024-4066 219Y Sch. Pure and Appl. Biol., Univ. Wales, Coll. Cardiff, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF1 3TL, UK ? Salmon, D.G.
Fox, A.D. 1994E Changes in the wildfowl populations wintering on the Severn Estuary 229-236) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; migration routes; ecology; birds; fauna; conservation; management; spa; sac; European Marine Site; swan; shelduck; wigeon; teal; pintail; mallard; geese; pochard; ducks; Monthly winter counts of seven major wildfowl species show that, since 1960, Bewick's swan, shelduck, wigeon, teal and pintail have significantly increased in both the Severn and Britain as a whole; European White-fronted geese have shown no trend on the Severn but have significantly declined in Britain; mallard show no trend on the Severn but have increased in Britain. All except shelduck show a correlation between the trends in Britain and the Severn Estuary, while all but mallard and pintail rank as internationally important on the Severn. In recent years the Severn has assumed a considerable importance for pochard and tufted ducks. The status of many species in the Severn Estuary is dependent on the management of key areas. 0024-4066 O Affiliation Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucester GL2 7BT, UK ? Fox, A.D.;
Salmon, D.G.; 1994H Breeding and moulting shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) of the Severn Estuary 237-245) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; diet; migration routes; macrofauna; ecology; birds; shelduck; Tadorna tadorna;4 Aerial and ground censuses of Shelduck in 1988 found a summering population of 2000-2700 birds until early July. Territorial pairs, non-breeding aggregations and ultimate brood rearing nursery areas were associated with extensive areas of mudflats (Peterstone Wentlooge, Uskmouth-Collister Pill, Oldbury-Littleton and Purton-Frampton). Bridgwater Bay continues to be the most important moulting area away from the Wadden Sea, with just under 2000 present at peak count in late July. At least 94 pairs established territories along the shores of the Severn, with perhaps as many as 80 more on Flatholm, giving rise to at least 49 broods. Duckling survival was low in 1988: mean brood size fell from 9.3 to 3.3 between hatching and fledging. Breeding success in different parts of the estuary shows no consistent trends.
0024-4066 i Affiliation Dep. Wildl. Ecol., Natl. Environ. Res. Inst., Kalo, Grenaavej 12, DK-8410 Roende, Denmark ? 6 Morrisey, D.J.;
Sait, S.M.;
Little, C;
Wilson, R.S. 1994D The benthic ecology of river estuaries entering the Severn Estuary 247-251) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-29 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems The fauna of the Rivers Avon, Usk and Wye was similar to that for soft sediment in the Severn Estuary. It was dominated by Nereis diversicolor, Corophium volutator, Macoma balthica and oligochaetes. Maximum densities of Corophium and Macoma were higher than in the main estuary, while that of Nereis was similar. Distributions of dominant species showed gradients along river length and across river profile. These are discussed.
0024-4066 I Affiliation Water Qual. Cent., P.O. Box 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand X ? ! Clark, N.A.;
Prys-Jones, R.P.; 1994x Low tide distribution of wintering waders and shelduck on the Severn Estuary in relation to the proposed tidal barrage 199-217) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
waders; shelduck; intertidal; barrage; environmental impact; redshank; dunlin; sheldrake; curlew; estuary; ecosystem; population studies; biodiversity; severn;E Waders and shelduck were counted at low tide on 162 sectors comprising 85% of the intertidal area (21,467 ha) of the Severn Estuary on 12 occasions during winter 1987/88. On average, 50% of birds present at low tide utilized just 13 sectors (12% of the area); 90% of birds occurred on only 56 sectors, leaving large expanses of intertidal sand virtually devoid of birdlife. Dunlin, the numerically dominant species, occurred widely on the middle and outer estuary, whereas shelduck predominantly occurred on the outer estuary and redshank around many tributary river mouths. Curlew, the most ubiquitous species, was the only one concentrated on the inner estuary. Severe gales in both late December and mid-January concentrated all main species within fewer sectors, probably by the short-term removal of surface sediment from substantial areas. It is estimated that the proposed tidal barrage would eliminate intertidal areas accounting for between c. 40% (for shelduck and curlew) and 80% (for redshank) of current total low tide usage by the internationally important populations present.
0024-4066 199F British Trust Ornithol., The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK ? Mettam, C.; 1994z Intertidal zonation of animals and plants on rocky shores in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary--the northern shores 123-147* Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Species
algal; invertebrates; biodiversity; intertidal; estuary; Macrofauna; wave; hydrodynamics; sediment dynamics; shoreline; fauna; flora; zonation; 1994 The vertical distribution of common species of macroalgae and fauna on rocky shores extending through the length of the estuary is described. In the west, the shores are fully marine and exposed to Atlantic waves. In an eastward direction, greater shelter and an increasing tidal range occur along a gradient of salinity and turbidity. The flora and fauna change along this gradient. No single biological feature signals a transition from the Bristol Channel to the Severn Estuary but four arbitrary regions are recognized: a "marine" section eastwards to Swansea, a transitional" section between Swansea and Cardiff, an "estuarine" section up to Newnham, and the tidal river Severn. 0024-4066 123g Affiliation Sch. Pure and Appl. Biol., Univ. Wales Coll. Cardiff, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff CF1 1TL, UK ? Radford, PJ 1994 Pre- and post-barrage scenarios of the relative productivity of benthic and pelagic subsystems of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 5-16) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal 1994\ The relative importance of benthic and pelagic production within the ecosystem energy cycle, varies considerably for different regions of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. In regions of high turbidity, pelagic primary production is negligible whereas, in the clearer waters of the Outer Channel, the much higher pelagic production contributes to both benthic and pelagic secondary production. The construction of a tidal power scheme would most probably reduce turbidity, so increasing the overall productivity of the enclosed estuary. A range of scenarios, and their implications, are discussed. 0024-4066 5R Affiliation Plymouth Mar. Lab., Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK ? q Bamber, R.N.
Henderson, P.A. 1994t Seasonality of caridean decapod and mysid distribution and movements within the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel 83-91) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; diet; migration routes; biomass; mysids; decapods; food web; 1994Y Mysids and caridean decapods are a significant proportion of the biomass within the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary and key members of the marine food web in this estuarine system. Annual patterns of abundance at Hinkley Point Power Station of the mysids Praunus flexuosus, Schistomysis spiritus, Neomysis integer, Mesopodopsis slabberi and Gastrosaccus spinifer and of the carideans. Pasiphaea sivado, Palaemon serratus, Pandalus montagui, Crangon crangon and C. allmani are examined. Using population age structures and sex ratios, the patterns of seasonal migration and recuitment are discussed. 0024-4066 83v Affiliation Fawley Aquat. Res. Lab. Ltd., Marine and Freshwater Biol. Unit, Fawley, Southampton, Hants SO4 1TW, UK z?
Kirby, R.; 1994U The evolution of the fine sediment regime of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel 37-44) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
british Library; bristol channel; sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; tidal; sediment; Sediment transport; sea-level; impact; erosion; 1994 Fine sediment forms tidal flats along most of the Severn Estuary coastline but subtidal deposits are localized, mainly confined to Newport Deep and Bridgwater Bay. The estuary is experiencing a period of sea level rise which has led to coastal mud erosion in recent centuries. Sediment exchanges with the sea and river inputs are negligible compared to the large-scale exchanges within the estuary itself. Measurements of tidal flat level changes, archaeological finds and anthropogenic chemical concentrations confirm that mud flat erosion is long term and typical of the entire estuary. Sea level rise and coast erosion would normally lead to much of this sediment being redeposited inshore at the landward limit of the alluvium. Other than in narrow salt marsh strips, such deposition is prevented in the Severn by the river walls. In cores of subtidal muddy sediment, the number and thickness of sand layers decreases upwards. The top metre or so is entirely mud and exhibits thousands of layers of varying thickness and origin. Radiochemical analysis confirms that mud is accumulating in the subtidal zone of Newport Deep and the seaward periphery of the Bridgwater Bay mud patch and is increasing in proportion to sand. Circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that for at least the last 600 years the dominant pattern has been one of erosion of fine sediment from the coastal margin and its accumulation in subtidal sinks. 0024-4066 37T Affiliation Ravensrodd Consult. Ltd., 6 Queens Dr., Taunton, Somerset TA14XW, UK ? m , Mettam, C.;
Conneely, M.E.;
White, S.J.; 19948 Benthic macrofauna and sediments in the Severn Estuary 71-81* Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Species
algal; invertebrates; biodiversity; intertidal; estuary; Macrofauna; shoreline; fauna; flora; zonation; sabellaria; benthic ecology; ecology;f In the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, a multivariate analysis indicated eight groupings of macrobenthic fauna, each associated with a different physical habitat. Samples were faunistically impoverished, especially in sublittoral areas, but greater species richness was associated with reefs of Sabellaria alveolata, which extended well into the estuary. 0024-4066 e Affiliation Sch. Pure and Appl. Biol., Univ. Wales Coll. Cardiff, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff CF1 3TL, UK ? , Williams, G.A.; 1994a Variation in populations of Littorina obtusata and L. mariae (Gastropoda) in the Severn Estuary 189-198) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; benthic ecology; ecology; fauna; bivalves; periwinkle; distribution; littorina obtusata; littorina mariae; Populations of both species of flat periwinkle were examined at five discrete sites along the Severn Estuary, and at a marine site in Dyfed. The vertical distribution of the two species showed a clear partitioning of the shore - Littorina obtusata occupied the high/mid shore and L. mariae the low shore area. L. obtusata also extended further up the Severn Estuary than L. mariae. Maximum densities of both species were found in Milford Haven. Biometric investigations revealed intra and inter-specific differences in colour morphs, shell damage and size between populations. The possible influence of differential selection pressures at the various sites is discussed. 0024-4066 189I Affiliation Swire Mar. Lab., Univ. Hong Kong, Cape Aguilar, Hong Kong ? Vale, J. A.;
Harrison, S.; 19943 Aerial inputs of pollutants to the Severn Estuary 45-54) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; water quality; pollution; trace metals; sediment; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; contamination; baseline; aerial input; Pollutants deposited on the Severn Estuary from the atmosphere derive mainly from local industrial and urban centres. Atmospheric deposition accounts for 50% of the lead and zinc inputs, 10-20% of the cadmium, copper and nickel to the Estuary, but only a small proportion of the chromium, iron and manganese. Most of the cadmium, copper and lead comes from the lower atmosphere near Avonmouth and Cardiff Bay. Westerly winds have much higher sodium and chloride concentrations but generally carry lower pollution loads than the less frequent, offshore easterlies. Strong winds recycle pollutants into the atmosphere via sea spray. The hills on both sides of the Estuary encourage deep vertical mixing, and effluents may be carried well inland. Stable atmospheres, associated with southerly and easterly airflows, cause trapping and entrainment of stack emissions. Thus easterlies may deposit much higher levels of pollutants. This paper reviews present knowledge regarding the deposition of metals from the atmosphere into the waters of the Severn Estuary. Preliminary results (1989) indicate that, while distribution patterns remain broadly similar, the quantities deposited were considerably less than they were six years previously. 0024-4066 ? Affiliation Dep. Environ. Sci., Univ. Stirling, FK9 4CA, UK ? Little, D.I.;
Smith, J.; 1994X Appraisal of contaminants in sediments of the inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 56-69* Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; Taff; Usk; Severn; estuary; sediment quality; water quality; trace metals; sediment; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; contamination; baseline; barrage; environmental impact; In the inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, most contaminated stations were in muddy, depositional areas of the estuary, particularly along the Welsh coast between the Rivers Taff and Usk, and also on the English coast between Avonmouth and Severn Beach. Some deeper areas, dominated by sand and mixed sediments, also showed contaminant concentrations in excess of those predicted from sediment texture, organic matter, and aluminium or iron concentrations. Concentrations of lead, copper, chromium, nickel and zinc have decreased in the muddy sediments since the 1970s, but only lead has decreased in sand. With the exception of zinc, which is high in the Severn, trace element concentrations were comparable to those from other British estuaries. Landward of the proposed barrage, contaminants are associated with the sub-estuaries and muddy areas at their confluence with the main estuary. Post-barrage effects on contaminants will be focused in these muddy areas. However, fine sediment deposition on what are now sandy areas would increase their contaminant burden unless calcium build-up from the resulting molluscan fauna has the antagonistic effect of contaminant dilution in the sediment. 0024-4066 55S Affiliation Arthur D. Little Ltd., Sci. Park, Milton Rd., Cambridge CB4 4DW, UK ? Henderson, P.A.
Seaby, R.M.H. 1994] On the factors influencing juvenile flatfish abundance in the lower Severn Estuary, England 321-330# Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 32 3-4 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; diet; macrofauna; ecology; fish; sole; dab; flounder; solea solea; limanda limanda; platichthys flesus; Bridgewater; estuary; ^ Bridgewater Bay within the Bristol Channel, Somerset, England is a nursery ground for sole, Solea solea, and dab, Limanda limanda during the autumn and winter. Flounder, Platichthys flesus, both juveniles and adults, are common during the summer. Using a 13-year data set of fish in the bay, correlations were studied between climatic, predatory and competitive factors and juvenile flatfish abundance. The major factor was found to be seawater temperature. For sole, abundance was positively correlated with the temperature in the spawning period (April and May). For flounder, abundance was negatively correlated with average temperature during the previous year. For dab, average winter temperature over the spawning period was negatively correlated with juvenile abundance and with mean length observed during the following autumn. These climatic changes were also found to influence the abundance of a large number of other fish and crustacean species which were potential predators or competitors and which in some cases were significantly correlated with flatfish abundance. The data set was analysed using multiple correlation analysis. Multi-factorial models of population change which included interspecific and climatic factors were examined. Using first-order partial correlations it was possible to distinguish between different causal models. In every case it was found that interspecific correlations were attributable to both species independently changing in abundance with temperature. No significant correlations between the abundance of potential predators or competitors and juvenile flatfish were detected. i Conference - Second International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology, Texel (Netherlands), 30 Sep-6 Oct 1993 0077-7579 321B Affiliation Dep. Zool., Univ. Oxford, S. Parks Rd, Oxford, UK W? ( Vale, J.A;
Harrison, S.J.;
Watts, C.D.; 19943 Atmospheric input of metals to the Severn Estuary 219-224G Changes in fluxes in estuaries: implications from science to management Dyer, K.R.;
Orth, R.J.; Fredensborg, Denmark
Olsen & Olsen Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; water quality; pollution; trace metals; sediment; pollutants; Severn; heavy metals; contamination; baseline; aerial input; A non source-specific survey for the Severn Estuary with a new sampling network was designed and established and deposition data was collected fortnightly over a period of fifteen months. Improvements were made to the usual blocking methods of converting point deposition data in order to provide a more accurate appraisal of the atmospheric flux of metals to the estuary. Atmospheric inputs of the metals cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc and aluminium were determined by collecting total deposition samples from eleven sites within and adjacent to the estuary. The total metal input to the estuary was determined by interpolation based on linear, log sub(10), log sub(e) and square root variable-distance relationships of the point deposition data across the water surface by means of isoplething. The area between isopleths was calculated and a mean annual input derived. On the basis of the mathematical data transformations the most reliable estimates for the metal inputs (kg/d) were: Cd 0.84, Cu 8.64-8.68, Cr 1.93-1.94, Ni 2.75-2.80, Pb 62.8, Zn 96.07 and Al 0.31. In comparison to earlier estimates (1978/89) the results indicated that there had been a considerable decline in the aerial metal flux to the Severn Estuary by one to two orders of magnitude. The decline can be attributed to improved methodologies, both in sampling techniques and data interpretation, as well as to a real decrease in metal inputs. More recent studies of the estuarine water have also indicated that the overall water quality has improved. The Avonmouth/Severnside district of the estuary was identified as the major source area for all the metals analysed and these all showed a marked deposition gradient away from the area. Significant, secondary sources of Cr and Cd appeared to exist in the outer estuary emanating from the industrialized zones of the South Wales coastline. A more detailed study on the island of Flat Holm, where atmospheric metal fluxes were measured using six samplers and daily sample collection, showed that the local, linear deposition gradients were very marked and clearly indicated the dominance of localized inputs from the principal industrial areas of the estuarine coastline.
8785215228@ Conference ECSA22/ERF Symposium, Plymouth (UK)
13-18 Sep 1992 j Affiliation Natl. Rivers Authority (NRA), Waterside Dr., Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol BS12 4UD, UK ?b Allen, J.R.L.; 1988h Chemical Compositional Patterns in Romano-British Bloomery Slags From the Wetlands if the Severn Estuary 81-86 Historical Metallagy 22 2J romano British; Severn; Estuary; Reclamation; Metals; Trace metals; iron; Iron making at Romano-British sites along the Severn estuary was apparently dependent on rich ore from the Forest of Dean. An initial production of Fe combined with slag was then forged to expel slag from the bloom. Bloomery slags from a number of sites were dated from associated pottery and analysed by X-ray fluorescence, calibrated against an analysis by conventional wet methods of representative slags. Mineral phases were identified by a modification of H-factor X-ray diffraction. The distribution of trace elements, Cu 16-62 ppm, Zn 51-92 ppm, Pb less than 15 ppm, was fairly uniform among the different slags. The ratio of alumina to silica increased with the silica content. The presence of major elements is illustrated by the ratios of their oxides to alumina as a function of silica content. The individual analysis are tabulated. The element distribution varied between slags but within ranges attributed to variations in fuel, technique, and possibly the use of an addition of lean ore to the main feedstock. 16 ref.--A.A.F. http://www.materials.org.uk 0142-3304Q Publisher Institute of Materials, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London, SW1Y 5DB, UK? Underwood, G.J.C.
Paterson, D.M. 1993 g Seasonal changes in diatom biomass, sediment stability and biogenic stabilization in the Severn Estuary 871-887C Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73 4 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
diatoms; stabilisation; benthic ecology; intertidal; mudflats; biomass; algal; sediment; erosion; Epipelic diatoms represented the dominant microphytobenthos on the intertidal mudflats of the Severn Estuary, south-western Britain. Algal biomass (measured as chlorophyll a concentration) varied over a seasonal cycle and was strongly correlated with sediment shear strength and critical shear stress and therefore with position on the shore. High levels of diatom biomass were positively correlated with the concentration of colloidal carbohydrate within the surface sediments. The critical shear strength for incipient erosion was significantly correlated with position on the shore (moisture content) and with both chlorophyll a and colloidal carbohydrate, the latter being the best biochemical predictor for the incipient erosion threshold. The range of stress required to cause incipient erosion varied from 1.0 to 8.0 N/m super(2), with the sediment increasing in resistance landwards. Two-way analysis of variance using both moisture content and colloidal carbohydrate as variables explained the stability of the sediment better than individual pair-wise comparisons. Treatment of an experimental transect with biocide uncoupled the relationship between position on the shore and diatom biomass. 0025-3154 E Affiliation Dep. Biol., Univ. Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK !? , Harrison, S.J.;
Vale, J.A.;
Watts, C.D.; 1993 The estimation of aerial inputs of metals to estuarine waters from point pattern data using an isoplething technique: Severn Estuary, U.K. 2365-23730 Atmospheric Environment; Part A, General Topics; 27A 15 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; Severn; contamination; baseline; heavy metals; Trace metals; e The aerial deposition of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn to the tidal surface of the Severn Estuary in southwest Britain was determined using the nonlinear isoplething of point data from 11 bulk-deposition sampling stations operated between January 1989 and March 1990. Previous surveys based on crude spatial bulking of deposition data from coastal sites had generated overestimates of aerial deposition of metals. The distribution of aerial deposition away from the dominant source around Avonmouth was related to weather variables. Down-estuary deposition gradients were steepest in wet westerly on-shore airflows. 0004-6981 Affiliation Dep. Environ. Sci., Univ. Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
Source Atmospheric Environment; Part A, General Topics [ATMOS. ENVIRON., PART A]. Vol. 27A, no. 15, pp. 2365-2373. 1993.
ISSN 0004-6981
4 , Univ. Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AB, UK K r?
B Gloucestershire Council Council,
Somerset County Council Heritage, 2008= Severn Estuary Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment. Phase 1 Report English Heritage8 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage In January 2006 the Archaeology Service of Gloucestershire County Council were commissioned by English Heritage to carry out Phase 1 (Desk Based Study) of a Rapid Costal Zone Assessment of the Severn Estuary. Project work will be carried out by staff of Gloucestershire and Somerset County Councils. A steering group will comprise English Heritage representatives and the local authority archaeologists responsible for Exmoor, Somerset, North Somerset, Bristol, South Gloucestershire and Gloucestershire.
The archaeology of the estuary of the River Severn is richly varied and of considerable importance, reflecting both the varied nature of the topography and the importance of the river for both fishing and as a maritime waterway. The archaeological resource within the estuary is under threat from natural processes such as coastal erosion, exacerbated by the high tidal range and strong currents within the estuary and from threats such as ongoing development pressure along the shoreline, marine aggregates extraction and proposals for new coastal defensive and realignment measures. There is an increasingly urgent need, therefore, to understand more clearly the extent and nature of the archaeological and palaeo-environmental resource in order to identify the likely impact of these varied natural and man made threats. Up-to-date knowledge of the archaeological reso #
s, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon. England 6a3e # doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2008.08.006 0278-4343 les, Cardiff, Wales, UK
d=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD 13
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dynamics; 9escan sonar.* http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/5227/1/CR05088N.pdf
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nd its movement modelled by the transport equation. vironments; (&Fmt=2&clientId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD ange. 0790-0627 ding, Berkshire, England, UK
onal/Local te Change: Regional/Local ?9 Benjamin Poulter,
Feldman, R.L.
Brinson, M.M
Horton, Benjamin P.
Orbach, Michael K.
Pearsall, Samuel H.
Reyes, Enrique
Riggs, Stanley R.
Whitehead, John C. 2009Z Sea-level rise research and dialogue in North Carolina: Creating windows for policy change 147-153 Ocean & Coastal Management 52 3-48 Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
Integrated Assessment Coastal areas are among the world's most vulnerable landscapes to impacts related to climate change, including inundation from sea-level rise (SLR), increased exposure to shoreline erosion, and greater frequency and intensity of storms. The status of research on the physical, ecological, and socio-economic effects of vulnerability to SLR and progress toward planning for its conseqDn? ! ? Allen, JRL;
Rae, JE;
Longworth, G;
Hasler, SE;
Ivanovich, M 1991 A comparison of the super(210)Pb dating technique with three other independent dating methods in an oxic estuarine salt-marsh sequence (conference presentation) > Eleventh Biennial International Estuarine Research Conference
Estuaries San Francisco, CA. Volume 16, no. 3BV Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
SEVERN; tites point; dating techniques; salt-marsh; 10-14 Nov 1991 The super(210)Pb dates from a salt-marsh sediment sequence at Tites Point, Severn Estuary, southwest England, were compared with the results of three other independent dating techniques. These methods are inspection of dated topographic maps for the presence or absence of the salt marsh, dating of artifacts in a well-defined horizon within the sequence, and counting annual bands. All four sets of dates showed good agreement to about 30 cm depth from the present marsh surface; thereafter, dates from the super(210)Pb method are earlier than those from the other methods, which are themselves in agreement. It is concluded that a wide range of methods can be successfully used for dating salt-marsh sediments (e.g., radiometric techniques, topographic maps, archaeological evidence, annual banding). Where possible, it is important to confirm dates using at least two independent techniques. ISSN 0160-8347 p Affiliation Postgrad. Res. Inst. Sedimentol., The University, P.O. Box 227, Whiteknights Reading RG6 2AB, UK "? French, P.W.; 1993~ Areal distribution of selected pollutants in contemporary intertidal sediments of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK 692-697 Marine Pollution Bulletin 27 12 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; pollution; sediment; pollutants; sediment dynamics; Severn; coal; heavy metals; contamination; baseline; 1993 A series of 150 samples from the contemporary intertidal zone of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel have been analysed for levels of copper, lead, zinc, rubidium, and particulate coal debris to investigate the present pollution status of the system. The analysis reveals a systematic streamwise variation in pollution concentrations which is taken to reflect a combination of land-based pollutant inputs and the reworking of pollutant-rich sediments from the erosion of salt marshes along the margins of the estuary. This streamwise variation demonstrates a downstream decrease in concentration, superimposed on which are nine areas of contemporary pollutant input with regard to metals but non relating to coal. The occurrence of coal in modern intertidal sediments at levels significantly higher than the underlying pollution trend is only possible via the reworking of anthropogenically derived material stored in the intertidal sediments of the system and from a wreck located offshore. 0025-326X 692f Affiliation Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants, 3d King's Parade, Cambridge, CB2 1SJ, UK ? Allen, J.R.L. 1993i Muddy alluvial coasts of Britain: Field criteria for shoreline position and movement in the recent past 241-2622 Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, London 104 4+ Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Adaptation: Shoreline Management
Erosion and flooding; sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; geology; sediment; coastal geomorphology; saltmarshes; Coastal defence; reclamation; intertidal; Shoreline; 1993H Muddy shorelines, many bordering extensive areas of reclaimed wetland, occur in estuaries, tidal embayments and on open, barrier coasts. These shorelines prove to have been just as unstable over recent centuries as their better known sandy and gravelly counterparts. Drawing on wide-ranging examples, many from the Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel, field criteria are briefly described that are helpful in the identification of cases of (1) the episodic spread of high intertidal mudflats and salt marshes (clifflets on terraced salt marshes, offlapping sediment units), (2) staged reclamation (surviving and degraded earthwork features, abrupt elevation changes), and (3) shoreline retreat into reclaimed areas, with consequent repositioning of sea defences, because of coastal erosion (buried soils, disconnected drainage systems and tidal channels, field systems overprinted by sea defences). A number of these physical criteria for shoreline position and movement tendency are fragile and subtle, and readily modified and obscured by either natural forces or agricultural processes. 0016-7878 241_ Affiliation Postgrad. Res. Inst. Sedimentol., University?
Allen, J.R.L. 1992v Large-scale textural patterns and sedimentary processes on tidal salt marshes in the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain 299-318 Sedimentary Geology 81 3-4 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; reclamation; Bristol Channel; sediment dynamics; sediment budget; salt marsh; sediment source; tidal; intertidal; 1992+ Approximately 840 km super(2) of largely reclaimed estuarine alluvium border the Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel today. Using a direct measure of grain size, and the proxy evidence of sediment-controlled, early land-use (medieval-early modern), it is shown that the grain size of the tidal mud deposited on the marshes prior to reclamation declined outward from the main and larger tidal channels toward the bedrock limit of the alluvium. Variations in the altitude of the marsh surfaces, as they survive after reclamation, suggest that the deposition rate of this sediment also decreased outward from these sources. At Elmore, a representative narrow (ca. 1 km) marsh, grain-size change is steep and well defined. In contrast, at Hill, in a representative sector from a large and broad (ca. 5 km) marsh, the measured change is gradual and disorderly, and disturbed by an extensive, arcuate belt of relatively coarse sediments. Based on a review of processes and sedimentation, and appealing to a broad geomorphological and hydraulic analogy between tidal wetlands and river floodplains, it is suggested that marshes of the Elmore type may be supplied with sediment largely by transverse diffusion from the tidal channel, whereas Hill-type marshes may receive considerable mud by convection as well as diffusion. 0037-0738 299V Affiliation Postgrad. Res. Inst. Sedimentol., The University, Reading, RG6 2AB, UK *? Harper, D.J. 1991j The distribution of dissolved cadmium, lead and copper in the Bristol Channel and the outer Severn Estuary 131-143 Marine Chemistry; 33 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; sediment; pollutants; Severn; metals; contamination; baseline;% In Oct 1987, 63 samples were taken from 50 stations in the Bristol Channel and outer Severn estuary on the west coast of England. The distributions of dissolved cadmium, lead and copper are reported together with their relationships to salinity. The concentration ranges are 11-140 ng/l for cadmium, 20-10,000 ng/l for lead and 1.7-4.7 mu g/l for copper. In high-salinity areas, higher cadmium and copper concentrations were found to be associated with local inputs, but the situation with respect to lead was found to be more complicated. At lower salinities, lead and copper distributions show several anomalies as a result of processes other than dilution. The data obtained at low salinities may not be typical, because the survey was carried out after a period of unusually high winds and rainfall. 0304-4203 Affiliation Forth River Purif. Board, Tidal Waters Unit, Heriot Watt Res. Park, Ave. North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4 AP, UK 2D? Henderson, PA;
Holmes, RHA 1990p On the population dynamics of dab, sole and flounder within Bridgwater Bay in the lower Severn Estuary, England.2 First International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology Texel, The Netherlands9 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries 19-23 Nov 1990 A ten year study of the population dynamics of the flatfish dab Limanda limanda , sole Solea solea and flounder Platichthys flesus was undertaken within Bridgwater Bay in the Bristol Channel, England, These three flatfish were found to have some of the most stable populations within a fish community of 21 common species. When these species were classified according to their use of space as benthic, proximo-benthic or pelagic it was found that the benthic fish had the lowest CV values. It is argued that this stability is linked to their use of space. A notable feature was the differing seasonal occupancy of the Bay by the benthic fish which would act to reduce potential inter-specific competition. A search was made for biotic or physical factors correlated with year class abundance in the flatfish. The only significant correlation found was for the abundance of which increased with increasing water temperature. K Affiliation Mar. Biol. Unit, Fawley Power Stn., Southampton SO4 1ZU, UK ? Stride, A.H.
Belderson, R.H. 1991 Sand transport in the Bristol Channel east of Bull Point and Worms Head: A bed-load parting model with some indications of mutually evasive sand transport paths 203-207 Marine Geology 101 1-4 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Severn; Bristol Channel; sediment; sediment transport; sediment dynamics; Modeling; bedload parting zone;% The authors consider arguments in favour of substantial easterly sand transport in the nearshore zone of the Bristol Channel east of Bull Point and Worms Head and conclude, that nearshore sand transport routeways are neither continuous nor important. Some local exceptions may occur where the mean rather than the maximum shear stress determines the net sand transport direction. These are limited largely to the nearshore zone. The bed-load parting model is necessary to explain both the existence of the sand sheet west of the Bristol Channel with its west-directed sand waves, and the infill of the Severn Estuary, with an intervening zone of scour and non-deposition. Thus, the central part of the Bristol Channel is almost clear of sand not because of a present shortage of sand but because sand has been continually swept from it. The bed-load parting model and the mutually evasive sand transport system are not exclusive of one another. Bed-load partings exist mainly offshore, while the mutually evasive system is found mainly in sand-choked estuaries. 0025-3227? Affiliation 123 Sussex Rd., Petersfield, Hants GU31 4LB, UK D? ! Davies, P.;
Williams, A.T.; 1989r Sediment supply from solid geology cliffs into the intertidal zone of the Severn Estuary/Inner Bristol Channel, UKL Nineteenth ECSA Symposium of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association Milieux Estuariens Et Littoraux: Intercomparaisons Spatiales et Temporelles.
Edited by M. Elliott & J.P. Ducrotoy
International Symposum Series No. 19
Caen (France)# Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
palaeoenvironments; sediments; intertidal; sediment transport; erosion; beaches;
4-8 Sep 1989 The annual input of sediment from coastal erosion of the solid geology outcrops around the Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel, UK is 127 x 10 super(3). This is generated from Devonian (42 x 10 super(3) m super(3)) Triassic (50 x 10 super(3) m super(3)) and Jurassic (35 x 10 super(3) m super(3)) sources and within which muds constitute 66%, sands 13% and gravels 21% of the annual input. Intertidal movement of the finer-sized sediments from hard rock inputs have yet to be fully quantified although they can form constituents of the restricted sand beaches and large mudflats. The latter are some distance from the cliffed sections. The most characteristic intertidal deposit is composed of coarse clastic sediments generated by a variety of rockfall and slide mechanisms. Short distances of littoral drift are involved, accumulation being confined to spatially restricted sinks within the crenulate coastline. Some sinks are substantial, e.g. Porlock contains in excess of 900,000 m super(3) of material and the sinks contain up to 200 years of supply of the current annual sediment input. The annual coastal erosion solid geology input is equivalent to some 30% of annual fluvial input sources. International Symposium Series
8785215171M Affiliation Faculty. Sci. Hum., Bath Coll. Higher Educ., Bath BA2 9BN, UK ='D? West, M.S.;
West, J.R.; 1989e Spatial and temporal variations in the intertidal zone sediment properties in the Severn Estuary, UK.L Nineteenth ECSA Symposium of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association t Milieux Estuariens Et Littoraux: Intercomparaisons Spatiales et Temporelles. International Symposum Series No. 19 Elliott, M.
Ducrotoy, J.P.
Caen, France Olsen and Olsen, Denmarks Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
intertidal; sediment dynamics; erosion; zonation; sediment; severn; 4-8 Sep 1989 Bed level change, moisture content and shear strength have been recorded at a number of sites in the Severn Estuary. Data are presented from Portishead for the period November 1988 to August 1989. Periods of erosion with maximum level changes of -32 cm per 30 days alternate with those of accretion (maximum value: 26 cm per 30 days). Generally the seaward half of the intertidal zone is the most active, this being separated from a more stable zone by an eroding cliff. The upper beach has lower moisture contents, usually < 1.0 (water content: dry sediment), and higher shear strengths, usually > 2.3 kPa. The lower zone is closer to the higher shear stresses of the main channel and hence to the supply of suspended solids. Low shear strengths (< 2.0 kPa) and high moisture contents (< 1.0) prevail in this zone. The pattern of temporal and spatial changes in sediment properties are a complex function of wind, tidal and fluvial effects. H Affiliation Sch. Civ. Eng., Univ. Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ISBN 8785215171 ? T Durell, S.;
Stillman, R.A.;
Caldow, R.W.G.;
McGrorty, S.;
West, A.D.;
Humphreys, J.; 2006] Modelling the effect of environmental change on shorebirds: A case study on Poole Harbour, UK 459-473 Biological Conservation 131 3
Climate Change Impacts: Species
Comparative; Poole Harbour; birds; climate change; modeling; biodiversity; population studies; diet; migration routes; biomass; food web; macrofauna; ecology; sea-level rise; SPA; conservation; habitat loss; wetland; estuary; ecosystem; Aug An individuals-based model, MORPH, was used to assess the quality of Poole Harbour, UK, for five overwintering shorebirds: dunlin Calidris alpina, redshank Tringa totanus, black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa, oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus and curlew Numenius arquata. Site quality, and the effect of environmental change, was measured as predicted overwinter survival. Dunlin had the highest prey biomass densities and were the least likely to be affected by reductions in their food supply, lower temperatures or loss of terrestrial habitats Black-tailed godwits and curlew had the lowest prey biomass densities and were the most likely to be affected by reductions in their food supply, lower temperatures and loss of terrestrial habitats. All five shorebird species were seriously affected by simulated sea-level rise. Conservation issues identified for the Poole Harbour SPA were the relatively low densities of larger size classes of polychaete worms, the importance of maintaining and managing surrounding terrestrial habitats and the effect of sea-level rise on the length of time for which intertidal food supplies are available. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0006-3207 ? 1 Paerl, H.W.
Valdes, L.M.
Piehler, M.F.
Stow, C.A. 2006 Assessing the effects of nutrient management in an estuary experiencing climatic change: The Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina 422-436 Environmental Management 37 35 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
comparative; nutrient cycling; estuary; Neuse; climate change; impact; environmental impact; sediment dynamics; water quality; biomass; nutrient; erosion; flooding; nitrogen; phosphates; Marf Eutrophication is a serious water quality problem in estuaries receiving increasing anthropogenic nutrient loads. Managers undertaking nutrient-reduction strategies aimed at controlling estuarine eutrophication are faced with the challenge that upstream freshwater segments often are phosphorus (P)-limited, whereas more saline downstream segments are nitrogen (N)-limited. Management also must consider climatic (hydrologic) variability, which affects nutrient delivery and processing. The interactive effects of selective nutrient input reductions and climatic perturbations were examined in the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, a shallow estuary with more than a 30-year history of accelerated nutrient loading and water quality decline. The NRE also has experienced a recent increase in Atlantic hurricanes and record flooding, which has affected hydrology and nutrient loadings. The authors examined the water quality consequences of selective nutrient (P but not N) reductions in the 1980s, followed by N reductions in the 1990s and an increase in hurricane frequency since the mid-1990s. Selective P reductions decreased upstream phytoplankton blooms, but increased downstream phytoplankton biomass. Storms modified these trends. In particular, upstream annual N and P concentrations have decreased during the elevated hurricane period. Increased flushing and scouring from storms and flooding appear to have enhanced nutrient retention capabilities of the NRE watershed. From a management perspective, one cannot rely on largely unpredictable changes in storm frequency and intensity to negate anthropogenic nutrient enrichment and eutrophication. To control eutrophication along the hydrologically variable freshwater-marine continuum, N and P reductions should be applied adaptively to reflect point-source-dominated drought and non-point-source-dominated flood conditions.
0364-152X p? 6 Dawson, R.J.;
Hall, J.W.;
Bates, P.D.;
Nicholls, R.J.; 2005} Quantified analysis of the probability of flooding in the Thames estuary under imaginable worst-case sea level rise scenarios 577-5915 International Journal of Water Resources Development; 21 4 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning
Integrated Assessment
Sea-level; Climate Change; Comparative; Thames; Flooding; Modeling; Impact; Hydrodynamics; Management Strategy; Mitigation; Adaptation; Dec Most studies of the impacts of sea level rise (SLR) have explored scenarios of < 1 m during the 21st century, even though larger rises are possible. This paper takes a different approach and explores and quantifies the likely flood impacts in the Thames estuary for a number of plausible, but unlikely, SLR scenarios. The collapse of the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) could cause global mean sea level to rise by 5-6 m; here a time-scale for such an event of 100 years is assumed to create a worst-case scenario. Combined with the 1 in 1000 storm surge event, this would result in 1000 kW of land being frequently inundated. This area currently contains 1 million properties and their inundation would result in direct damage of at least 97.8 billion at 2003 prices. Smaller SLR scenarios, resulting from a partial collapse of the WAIS over 100 years, also have significant potential impacts, demonstrating the vulnerability of the Thames estuary to SLR. Construction of a new storm surge barrier in the outer Thames estuary is shown to provide greater resilience to unexpectedly high SLR because of the additional large flood storage capacity that the barrier would provide. This analysis has, for the first time, connected mechanisms of abrupt climate change and SLR with hydrodynamic modelling used to quantify impacts. In particular, it is recognized that future management strategies need to be adaptive and robust in order to manage the uncertainty assoc ? $ Norris, K.
Atkinson, P.W.
Gill, J.A. 2004S Climate change and coastal waterbird populations - past declines and future impacts 82-89 Ibis 146 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change
climate change; biodiversity; environmental impact; waders; birds; population studies; diet; salt marsh; Carduelis flavirostris; Twite; habitat loss; ecology; black-tailed godwits; Limosa limosa; Modeling; SepE Considerable attention has been given to the impact of climate change on avian populations over the last decade. In this paper we examine two issues with respect to coastal bird populations in the UK: (1) is there any evidence that current populations are declining due to climate change, and (2) how might we predict the response of populations in the future? We review the cause of population decline in two species associated with saltmarsh habitats. The abundance of Common Redshank Tringa totanus breeding on saltmarsh declined by about 23% between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s, but the decline appears to have been caused by an increase in grazing pressure. The number of Twite Carduelis flavirostris wintering on the coast of East Anglia has declined dramatically over recent decades; there is evidence linking this decline with habitat loss but a causal role for climate change is unclear. These examples illustrate that climate change could be having population-level impacts now, but also show that it is dangerous to become too narrowly focused on single issues affecting coastal birds. Making predictions about how populations might respond to future climate change depends on an adequate understanding of important ecological processes at an appropriate spatial scale. We illustrate this with recent work conducted on the Icelandic population of Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa islandica that shows large-scale regulatory processes. Most predictive models to date have focused on local populations (single estuary or a group of neighbouring estuaries). We discuss the role such models might play in risk assessment, and the need for them to be linked to larger-scale ecological processes. We argue that future work needs to focus on spatial scale issues and on linking physical models of coastal environments with important ecological processes. ://000224166900013
0019-1019 ? Wood, R.;
Widdows, J.; 2003X Modelling intertidal sediment transport for nutrient change and climate change scenarios 637-649 Science of the Total Environment 314P Climate Change: Regional/Local
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
nutrient cycling; sediment dynamics; comparative; Climate change; nitrogen; baseline; impact; environmental impact; modeling; sediment; climate change scenarios; Skeffling; Leverton; Oct A model of intertidal sediment transport, including effects of bioturbation and biostabilisation, was applied to two transects on the east coast of England: Leverton (within the Wash) and Skeffling (in the Humber Estuary). The physical and biological parameters were chosen to represent four 1-year scenarios: a baseline year (1995), the same year but with estuarine nitrate inputs reduced by 50% and by 16%, and a year with climate change effects estimated for 2050. The changes in nitrate supply can potentially change microphytobenthos numbers within the surface sediment, which will then affect erodibility. The model results show a range of behaviour determined by bathymetry, external forcing and biotic state. When intertidal sediment transport is dominated by external sediment supply, the model produces highest deposition at the most offshore point, and there is greatest deposition in the winter and spring, when offshore sediment concentrations are highest. When intertidal processes dominate intertidal sediment transport, there is a peak of deposition at the high-shore level and erosion at mid-tide levels. The greatest deposition now occurs in winter and summer, when low chlorophyll levels mean that the sediment is most erodible. The Skeffling transect was dominated by intertidal processes for the baseline scenario and with a 16% reduction in nitrate. Under the climate change (warm winter) scenario, the Skeffling transect was dominated by external sediment supply. The scenario with 50% reduction in nitrate gave intermediate behaviour at Skeffling (intertidally driven during the winter and summer, and governed by offshore sediment supply during spring am? ' Simas, T.;
Nunes, J.P.;
Ferreira, J.G.; 20018 Effects of global climate change on coastal salt marshes 1-15 Ecological Modelling 139 1 Climate Change
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
salt marsh; modeling; comparative; Tagus; flora; productivity; environmental impact; impact; sea-level; risk assessment; vulnerability; precautionary principle; March A methodology combining ecological modelling with geographical information analysis and remote sensing was employed to determine the effects of sea-level rise in estuarine salt marshes, using the Tagus estuary (Portugal) as a case study. The development of salt marsh vegetation was simulated separately for C3 and C4 plants, using a combined biogeochemical and demographic model. This simulation, which provided small-scale (m(2)) results of annual above-ground primary production, was upscaled to the whole salt marsh area, using bathymetry data, remote sensing and Geographic information System (GIS) for assessing vegetation cover and determining areal distribution of C3 and C4 vegetation. Based on IPCC data, several sea-level rise scenarios were considered, and the coupled ecological model-GIS were applied to these in order to determine changes in global salt marsh productivity. The results indicate that the salt marshes of the mesotidal estuaries such as the Tagus are susceptible to sea-level rise only in a worst case scenario, which is more likely to occur if the terms set out by the Kyoto protocol are not met by several industrialised nations. The low vulnerability of salt marshes supports the suggestion that areas with high tidal ranges are less vulnerable to sea level change, due to greater sediment transport and accretion. Nevertheless, the precautionary principle should always be applied by coastal planners, due to the great uncertainty surrounding forecasts of sea-level rise.
0304-3800 @+ /?
Muirhead, S.J. 1991M Environmental Effects of Tidal Energy. A report for the Department of Energy. Energy Technology Support Unit, Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; SEVERN; Bristol channel; environmental impact; impact; technology; barrage; The perceived environmental effects of a tidal energy barrage have led to the generation of various myths. It is therefore necessary to undertake research in order to understand the estuarine environment and hence evaluate more fully the post-barrage implications in environmental terms and dispel, or otherwise, the perceived myths and concerns of the public. Tidal energy barrages are suggested for several estuaries in Britain including the Severn, Mersey, Wyre and Conwy. These estuaries are all characterised by a large tidal range and although the proposed barrages range in size from the 8640MW Severn to 33MW for the Conwy their effect on the estuarine ecosystem are broadly similar, but each site requires a site specific study to identify the precise effe@7 Havard, M.S.C. 1989 Temporal changes in trace metal levels in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor from two British estuaries with contrasting sedimentary metal concentrations.L Nineteenth ECSA Symposium of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association Elliott, M.
Ducrotoy, J.P. Caen, France# Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborh, Denmark Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
trace metals; bioindicators; Nereis diversicolor; sediments; sediment quality; contamination; impact; 4-8 September 1989 Concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and nickel in Nereis diversicolor and sediments from the Severn Estuary, South Wales and the Axe Estuary, South Devon were monitored between 1980-1982. Temporal variations in trace metal concentrations in both sediments and N. diversicolor at each site showed no seasonal trends. The potential influences on metal concentrations in N. diversicolor , environmental metal concentrations, worm size, weight and state of maturity, were investigated.r Milieux Estuariens Et Littoraux: Intercomparaisons Spatiales et Temporelles. International Symposum Series No. 19P Affiliation WWF UK, Panda House, Weyside Park, Godalming, Surrey GU7 1XR, UK English; French - s; Marine industry; Land use; Landscape; econ D7 ) Elliott (ed.), M.;
Ducrotoy (ed.), J.P.; 1989K Milieux Estuariens et littoraux: Intercomparaisons spatiales et temporellesa Nineteenth ECSA Symposium of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association; 4-8th Spetember 1989% International Symposium Series No. 19! Elliott, M.;
Ducrotoy, J.P (eds) Caen, France% Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmarkb Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Estuary; coastal management; shoreline; 1991
8785215171 English; Frenchh?
Allen, J.R.L. 1991Z Fine sediment and its sources, Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel, southwest Britain 57-65 Sedimentary Geology 75 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Adaptation: Shoreline Management
Severn;
sediment dynamics;
sediment budget;
erosion;
sediment source; A comparison of the clay-mineral assemblages of 22 samples from the estuary with 22 samples from river floodplains strongly suggests that the fine sediment present in the contemporary Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel come almost exclusively from the river catchments that feed the system. The catchments are geologically diverse, and the clay minerals, particularly expandable clays, kaolinite and chlorite, seem to come from preferred parts of the drainage area. Although the estuary is flood-dominated, and some fine sediment is supplied from seaward, the amount appears negligible in comparison with the fluvial supply. The sands, however, seem largely to have an immediate western origin. 0037-0738 S Affiliation Postgrad. Res. Inst. Sedimentol., Univ. Reading, Reading RG6 2AB, UK ?
9 Radford, P.J.
Burkill, P.H.
Collins, N.R.
Williams, R. 1991W The validation and scientific assessment of an ecosystem model of the Bristol Channel 143-152; COST 647 Coastal Benthic Ecology: Activity report 1988-1991 Keegan, B.F. Yeserke, The Netherlands- Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research ; Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions Abstract The General Ecosystem Model of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (GEMBASE) was developed in the 7O's and calibrated against three years contemporaneous survey data. In the early 8O's this model was validated against a further five years of independent monitoring data. A comparison of the model and data revealed both the weaknesses and strengths of the data and the model. Unrealistic model output was observed for many different state variables but ultimately these problems pointed to one root cause. The omission from the model of process involving the production and recycling of benthic and pelagic reproductive products caused excessive growth of simulated adults, and inadequate food for zooplankton. The inclusion of these energy pathways resulted in much more satisfactory agreement between model and data without the need for any parameter adjustment. Control chart theory as been used to assess, with a degree of objectivity, the precision and consistency of the validated model. The goodness of fit of model to data is shown to be consistent over the nine year simulation for each of the six geographical compartments and across trophic levels even though precision of measurement is highly variable.
Corporate Author Commission of the European Communities Y
`uences varies from region to region worldwide. Here, we synthesize the results of three d[ ?
Radford, P.J. 1991 Evolution and change in the Bristol channel and Severn estuary: Pre- and post barrage scenarios of the relative productivity of benthic and pelagic subsystems 163-172; COST 647 Coastal Benthic Ecology: Activity report 1988-1991 Keegan, B.F. Yeserke, The Netherlands+ Institute for Marine Environmental Research Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions
benthic ecology; macrofauna; barrage; environmental impact; ecosystem; primary production; pelagic; tidal power; productivity; V The relative importance of benthic and pelagic production within the ecosystem energy cycle, varies considerably for different regions of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. In regions of high turbidity pelagic primary production is negligible whereas in the clearer waters of the Outer Channel the much higher pelagic production contributes to both benthic and pelagic secondary production. The construction of a tidal power scheme would most probably reduce turbidity, so increasing the overall productivity of the enclosed estu
j|? > Apte, S.C.
Gardner, M.J.
Gunn, A.M.
Ravenscroft, J.E.
Vale, J. 19901 Trace metals in the Severn estuary: A reappraisal 393-396 Marine Pollution Bulletin. 21 8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
Baseline;
sediment quality;
trace metals;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn;
industy; 5 The salinity/concentration profiles of seven dissolved trace metals in the Severn estuary are reported. The metal concentrations observed in this study are considerably lower than those reported in previous work. Despite known inputs of metals through industrial and waste discharges, river inputs play an important part in the estuarine profiles. The profiles of cadmium, chromium and arsenic appear to be dominated by point source discharges in mid-estuary. Saline end member concentrations are consistent with ranges quoted for the European coastal shelf area. 0025-326X > Affiliatio? ) Allen, J.R.L.;
Rae, J.E.;
Zanin, P.E.; 1990l Metal speciation (Cu, Zn, Pb) and organic matter in an oxic salt marsh, Severn Estuary, southwest Britain. 574-580 Marine Pollution Bulletin 21 12 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; pollution; Geochemistry; Severn; heavy metals; contamination; baseline; Predominantly anthropogenic Cu, Zn, and Pb present in an approximately 100 yr old mud flat and salt marsh deposit at a high intertidal, oxic site are bound chiefly in the Fe-Mn oxide-hydroxide, organic and residual phases. The amount of each metal in the organic phase is significant and declines with increase in the age of the buried sediment, in harmony with the total amount of organic matter remaining. Application of a quantitative geochemical model provides evidence that those metals remobilized by the progressive oxic degradation of the organic matter do not swell the oxide phase also present in the deposit, but are free to be flushed back into the estuary. 0025-326X n Affiliation Postgrad. Res. Inst. Sedimentol., Univ. Reading, PO Box 227, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AB, UK
? Allen, J.R.L.; 1990i The Severn Estuary in southwest Britain: Its retreat under marine transgression, and fine-sediment regime 13-28 Sedimentary Geology 66 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Sea-level rise; Transgression; marine transgression; erosion; intertidal; sediment dynamics; Severn; The retreat of the macrotidal Severn Estuary inland up the Severn Vale, under the drive of a rising relative sea level, is demonstrated by (1) the erosion of marginal bedrock cliffs, (2) the present-day wide intertidal exposure of mid post-glacial peats formed on early tidal marshes, (3) the transposition into post-settlement deposits and the present-day intertidal zone of prehistoric and early historic cultural debris representing wetland exploitation, and (4) the erosive relationship between modern sand-flat deposits and the older post-glacial silts and clays. A consideration of the sources, stores and pathways of fine sediment suggests that the system has recently reached its maximum capacity. 0037-0738 T Affiliation Postgrad. Res. Inst. Sedimentol., Univ. Reading, Reading RG6 2AB, UK ,?^ ' Evans, G.P.
Mollowney, B.M.
Spoel, N.C. 19904 Two-Dimensional Modelling of the Bristol Channel, UK 331-340! Estuarine and Coastal Modellling $ American Society of Civil Engineers, New York# American Society of Civil Engineers Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
hydrodynamics; Modeling; Severn; pollutants; Sewage; water quality; barrage; impact; renewable energy; tidal power; A two-dimensional depth-averaged numerical hydrodynamic model of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary was developed to investigate the effects on water quality of existing and new sources of pollution from outfalls to the sea and also the changes which might occur as the result of building a tidal power barrage. Four nested grids of square cells were used to describe the topography of the area. The model was calibrated by varying bed friction and momentum diffusion coefficient so as to produce the best agreement in range and phase between modeled and observed levels at 23 positions along the estuary. The hydrodynamic model produced files of levels and flows representing the steady-state repeating tidal pattern (for forcing functions of given amplitude). The files could then be used to generate presentations of hydrodynamics or for consequential modeling. Examples of such modeling that were actually carried out include (1) peak ebb and flood velocity vector plots at the proposed tidal power dam; (2) plots of random-walk bacterial dispersion, showing the effect the dam would have on two hypothetical wastewater outfalls; and (3) a comparison of salinity along a quasi-axial transect, before and after dam construction. The two-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic model of the Bristol Channel has been calibrated satisfactorily and has proved to be a valuable tool for the exploration of the effects which the construction of a barrage may have on water quality and other parameters of the estuary. (See also W92-03324) (Korn-PTT) 35 077141000 _
? * Apte, S.C.
Gardner, M.J.
Ravenscroft, J.E. 1990u An investigation of copper complexation in the Severn Estuary using differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry 63-75 Marine Chemistry. 29 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
Baseline;
sediment quality;
trace metals;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn;
heavy metals; Abstract Copper complexation in water samples from the Severn Estuary has been characterized by metal titrations using differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry. The titration results were interpreted using a single ligand model of complexation. In all samples, measured ligand concentrations were in excess of dissolved copper and ranged between 13.3 and 196 nM. In all of the samples analysed, greater than 99% of dissolved copper was organically complexed, with calculated pCu super(2+) values ranging from 11.12 to 12.84. The results of this study strongly suggest that copper is transported to the oceans in the form of river-borne organic complexes. 0304-4203 L Affiliation Wate ? } Holmes, R.H.A.
Henderson, P.A. 1990I High fish recruitment in the Severn Estuary: The effect of a warm year? 961-963 Journal of Fish Biology 36 6f Climate Change: Regional/Local
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; biomass; ecology; fish; invertebrates; sea temperature; bass; Twaite shad; mullet; herring; pout; crab; dicentrarchus labrax; allosa fallax fallax; Mullus surmuletus; Clupea harengus; Trisopterus luscus; Liocarcinus holsatus; In 1989, exceptionally strong recruitment has been observed in several fish species in the Bristol Channel. This is thought to be a consequence of the unusually high sea temperatures during the 1988-89 winter and the following spring and summer. The Marine Biological Unit of National Power (currently a division of the C.E.G.B.) has been monitoring catches of marine fishes and invertebrates on the cooling-water screens of Hinkley Point 'B' Power Station on the south side of the estuary of the River Severn at regular monthly intervals since January 1981. Animals, seaweed and debris are normally washed off into hoppers and then sluiced into collecting baskets for disposal. Samples were collected in plastic baskets of 6-mm mesh placed under the spouts of the hoppers or where the water enters the collecting baskets. The sampling dates were chosen to lie between spring and neap tides. The number of animals collected by two screens for 6 h from high water to low water was recorded. Sea water temperatures for each date are shown in Fig. 1(a). Average temperature rose from 1981 to 1983 and, after falling to a trough in 1985, rose steadily to the warm summer of 1989. Unusually high numbers of five fish species [bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.); twaite shad, Alosa fallax Lacepede; red mullet, Mullus surmuletus L.; herring, Clupea harengus L.; pout Trisopterus luscus (L.)] and of the invertebrate swimming crab Liocarcinus holsatus (Fabricius) were observed in 1989.
0022-1112 U Affiliation Mar. Biol. Unit, Natl. Power, Fawley, Southampton, Hants. SO4 1TW, UK X? Allen, J.R.L.; 1989s Evolution of salt-marsh cliffs in muddy and sandy systems: A qualitative comparison of British west-coast estuaries 85-92% Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 14 1 Adaptation: Shoreline Management
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
erosion; flooding; salt marsh; tidal; wave; sediment budgets; cliff; Solway Firth; Morecambe Bay; comparative;[ Salt-marsh cliffs in the muddy Severn Estuary are mostly strong and tall. They are retreating in response to the erosive attack of wave and tidal currents chiefly through toppling failures and rotational slips. In the sandy Solway Firth and Morecambe Bay systems, marsh cliffs are strong only in their upper parts, where a dense root-mat of marsh grasses binds the sediments. Here cantilever and toppling failures are the main response of the cliffs to tidal and wave erosion. The differences between the three estuarine systems in the mechanisms of marsh-cliff erosion are partly reflected in the mode 0197-9337 T Affiliation Postgrad. Res. Inst. Sedimentol., Univ. Reading, Reading RG6 2AB, UK ? Henderson, P.A.
Holmes, R.H.A. 1989F Whiting migration in the Bristol Channel: A predator-prey relationship 409-419 Journal of Fish Biology. 34 3 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
whiting; Merlangius merlangus; Migration; shrimp; Crangon crangon; severn; estuary; ecology; population studies; baseline; fish; invertebrates; The relationship between whiting, Merlangius merlangus (L.), and the common shrimp, Crangon crangon L., in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary was investigated. The whiting population was found to comprise 0-group juveniles which only remain in the region for about 10 months before moving offshore. While within the estuary, the distribution and abundance of the the two species were found to be clearly related. It is hypothesized that the whiting depends on the common shrimp because it is the only abundant prey species in the winter. Both the whiting and shrimp populations were found to not follow any long-term trend in numbers. It is suggested that the whiting population is stable because it is constrained by shrimp abundance which is, in turn, limited by physical constraints.
0022-1112 T Affiliation Mar. Biol. Unit, Fawley Power Stn., Fawley, Southampton SO4 1TW, UK ?
Allen, J.R.L. 1988y Modern-period muddy sediments in the Severn Estuary (southwestern UK): A pollutant-based model for dating and correlation 1-21 Sedimentary Geology 58 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Severn; sediment; modelling; estuary; pollutants; chronology; metals; dating techniques; Application of the model to muddy sediments deposited over the last 200 years or so in the Severn Estuary confirms earlier proposals that they can be referred stratigraphically to three geochemical zones (chemozones). The suggested calibration of the zonal scheme by reference to a super(210)Pb chronology obtained from the adjoining Bristol Channel is confirmed using fine-sediment profiles from the estuary dated by various independent means. Using seven widely scattered sites, a provisional dating curve for either single or small sets of samples is described. The principle of the model is applicable to any well-mixed estuary that has experienced either significant pollution or a time-dependent natural input of either trace metals or identifiable accessory particulate materials. 0037-0738> Affiliation Dep. Geol., Univ. Reading, Reading RG6 2AB, UK ? / Potter, I.C.;
Gardner, D.C;
Claridge, P.N.; 1998 Age composition, growth, movements, meristics and parasites of the whiting, Merlangius merlangus, in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel 295-313D Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 68 2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; biomass; macrofauna; ecology; fish; fauna; whiting; merlanguis merlangus; abundance; recruitment;B Samples collected from power station intake screens between 1972 and 1977 have been used to study aspects of the biology of the whiting in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. 0+ whiting generally started appearing in the inner estuary in July, at which time their standard length was at least 38 mm. Their numbers peaked in October and subsequently declined particularly rapidly during the wet winter of 1976/7 when salinities were frequently below 10 ppt. The size of 0+ whiting in the late autumn and early winter was generally less in the shallows of the inner Severn Estuary than in neighbouring deeper waters and in the inner Bristol Channel. Growth rates of 0+ whiting fell within the range of those recorded for the North Sea, but below those generally found in inshore waters and sea lochs on the west coast of Scotland. 0025-3154 Z Affiliation Sch. Biol. and Environ. Sci., Murdoch Univ., Murdoch, W.A. 6150, Australia ? Killops, S.D.;
Howell, V.J.; 1988q Sources and distribution of hydrocarbons in Bridgwater Bay (Severn Estuary, U.K.) Intertidal surface sediments. 237-261' Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 27 3 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
pollution; contamination; baseline; environmental assessment; hydrocarbons; pollutants; sediment quality; sediment dynamics; Hydrocarbon distributions in two intertidal, surface sediments from Bridgwater Bay were examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate distributions and sources of hydrocarbons. Two major hydrocarbon sources were identified, pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and a chronic petrogenic input. Other probable sources were algal, higher-plant and DDT-related pesticides. Petrogenic biomarker distributions were broadly similar in the sediment samples, possibly reflecting a degree of resuspension and mixing of sediments within Bridgwater Bay. 0272-7714 u Affiliation Chem. Dep., Royal Holloway and Bedford New Coll., London Univ., Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK _? 6 Little, C.;
Payne, R.M.;
Aaldhous, P.;
Scott, P.; 1988K The insect fauna of saltmarshes in the Severn Estuary: A preliminary survey 235-246 Entomologist's Gazette. 39 3 Climate Change Impacts: Species
fauna; Salt marsh; severn; distribution; biodiversity; insect; ecology; estuary; invertebrates; The present survey was undertaken to investigate the diversity of insect faunas on saltmarshes in the Severn Estuary, U.K., and to examine how these faunas varied along the length of the estuary. 0013-8894> Affiliation Dep. Zool., Bristol Univ., Bristol BS8 1UG, UK y?
Allen, J.R.L; 1987H Microscopic coal-burning residues in the Severn Estuary, southwestern UK 13-18 Marine Pollution Bulletin 18 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
severn; environmental assessment; industry; coal; Sediment; sediment quality; water quality; contamination; Recently accumulated muddy sediments throughout the Severn Estuary contain substantial numbers of microscopic particles attributable to coal-burning. The residues are most numerous in the finest textured sediments. In present-day (1985) muds their amount is of the order of 10 super(8) grains kg super(-1). The residues occur to a similar degree in the muddy sediments accumulated from about 1945 to the present, but decline rapidly in abundance in older deposits. A total of the order of 8 x 10 super(3) tonnes of these residues may now be present in the muds of the estuary, including the suspended load held in the water column. The spheroids come from a variety of sources and may reach the estuary by several pathways.
0025-326X > Affiliation Dep. Geol., Univ. Reading, Reading RG6 2AB, UK B? Allen, J.RL; 19871 Coal dust in the Severn Estuary, southwestern UK. 169-74 Marine Pollution Bulletin 18 4 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
Baseline;
sediment quality;
coal;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn;
heavy metals; Substantial amounts of coal dust attributable to mining occur in the recently accumulated muddy sediments of the Severn Estuary. The pollutant is most plentiful in the finest textured deposits, and in present-day (1985) intertidal mud is found to the general order of 1 x 10 super(9) grains kg super(-1). The coal occurs to a similar degree in the muddy sediments accumulated from about 1945 to the present but declines rapidly in abundance in older deposits, a steady "background" value of about 3 x 10 super(8) grains Kg super(-1) obtaining in muds antedating circa 1845. A total of at least the order of 10 super(5)-10 super(6) tonnes of coal dust may now be present in the estuarine fine sediments. Although the Severn Estuary taps several exposed coal-fields, most of the pollutant probably comes from the South Wales Coalfield, where production peaked in 1913, 30 years before the maximum of coal dust observed in the deposited sediments.
0025-326X > Affiliation Dep. Geol., Univ. Reading, Reading RG6 2AB, UK D? Wolf, J. 1987" A 3-D model of the Severn Estuary.4 International Liege Colloq. on Ocean Hydrodynamics Nihoul, J.C.J.
Jamart, B.M. Liege, Belgiump Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; hydrodymanics; tidal; Bristol channel; friction stress; The Severn estuary is a high-energy tidal regime with strong residuals generated by nonlinear effects. The present knowledge of the tidal and residual flow is reviewed. Some measurements of current profiles were used to calculate the M sub(2) tidal parameters and a residual flow and also the friction stress through depth at a particular location. A 3-dimensional (3-D) model of the inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary was used to generate tidal and residual currents in the area and these are compared with the available observations. \ Affiliation NERC, Inst. Oceanogr. Sci., Bidston Obs., Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA, UK ISBN 0444427945 ? j Claridge, P.N.
Potter, I.C. 1987 Size composition and seasonal changes in abundance of juvenile sole, Solea solea , in the Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel 561-569M Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Plymouth. 67 3 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; solea solea; sole; population studies; diet; biomass; fish; macrofauna; ecology;? Samples from intake screens of power stations in the Severn Estuary (Berkeley, Oldburg-upon-Seven and Uskmouth) and Inner Bristol Channel (Hinkley Point), together with the catches of a fisherman near Hinkley Point, have provided data on seasonal variations in the size composition, age and abundance of sole in nursery areas south-western UK. 0 + sole first appeared at Oldbury in the Inner Severn Estuary in Jul. at total lengths as small as 23 mm ( identical with 0 multiplied by 1 g). On the basis of pooled data for 3 years in the mid-1970s, this group had reached a mean length of 84 multiplied by 1 mm ( identical with 4 multiplied by 4 g) by Sep. and similar to 92 multiplied by 7 mm ( identical with 5 multiplied by 9 g) by the following April when it was entering its second year of life. By the following August, the modal length class of the I + fish was 140-159 mm ( identical with 21 multiplied by 6-32 multiplied by 3 g). While most of the sole in the Inner Estuary were below 240 mm ( identical with 117 g) a few fish up to 289 mm ( identical with 224 g), and individuals of 345 mm ( identical with 367 g), 349 mm ( identical with 370 g) and 400 mm (= 546 g) were also caught. The numbers of sole in the Inner Estuary reached high values in September, declined markedly in the winter and started to rise again in Mar. or Apr.
0025-3154 Y Affiliation Mar. Sci. Dir., NERC, Polaris House, North Star Ave., Swindon SN2 1EU, UK ? Radford, P .J;
Ruardij, P 19876 The validation of ecosystem models of turbid estuaries 1483-1487 Continental Shelf Research 7 11-12; Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions November - December6 The ecosystem model of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (GEMBASE) was fitted to 3 years of survey data, and has subsequently been validated against a further 5 year of monitoring data. A control chart technique clearly demonstrates that the model is, on the whole, an adequate representation of the estuarine carbon cycle, although the precision of model estimates reduces with increasing trophic level. An ecosystem model of the Ems Estuary has been adapted to simulate the Severn Estuary, and the impact of introducing a notional tidal power scheme assessed. The results were compared to those obtained using GEMBASE in the Severn. The broad predictions from both models are in agreement, although some detail is at variance, which implies that the fundamental ecological assumptions of the models are compatible. Conference: Sixteenth Annual Symposium of the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association, Plymouth (UK), 1 Sep 1986
Editor Uncles, RJ (ed) 0278-4343 G?+ # Afran, A.
Khalily, H.
Nickless, G. 1979C Distribution of trace metals in sediments from the Severn Estuary 257-263" Tidal power and estuary management+ Severn, R.T.
Dineley, D.L.
Hawker, L.E. Bristol (UK) Scientechnica No. 30 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
sediment quality;
trace metals;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn;
coal;
heavy metals;0 Analysis of various particle size fractions of sediment taken from several sites along the Severn estuary shows that the level of trace metals increases with decreasing particle size. Relatively high concentrations of zinc, cadmium, copper and lead were found in the coal particles which appeared (in small quantities) in the range of fractions greater than 100 micrometres in size. From the results obtained surface adsorption appears to be an important phenomenon in the trace metal retention within Severn estuary sediments. If larger quantities of these sediments are allowed to settle out within the estuary then there is the potential danger of heavy metals being recycled back into the water column via the various biological, chemical, and physical processes which occur within such brackish water systems. Colston Paperss Presented at: Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978 ISBN 0-85608-023-3 \ Affiliation Department of Inorganic Chemistry. University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK N? Allen, J.R.L.; 1987o Towards a quantitative chemostratigraphic model for sediments of Late Flandrian age in the Severn Estuary, U.K. 73-100 Sedimentary Geology 53 1-2 Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; heavy metals; environmental assessment; baseline; Stratigraphy; flandrian shoreline; sediment dynamics; sediment; Because the Severn Estuary is physically well mixed, the complex sequence of late Flandrian lithostratigraphic units accumulated along its extensive muddy shores can in part be correlated and dated relatively on the basis of the levels of the contained pollutants. The use of pollutant levels as a semi-quantitative stratigraphic tool in the Severn Estuary is justified. However, although the trends are very weak, the spatial variation in the amounts of coal, zinc and lead in the muddy sediments of the estuary is statistically significantly different (5% level) from what is expected of a perfectly mixed system. Until these trends are better defined, the pollutants cannot be used as a fully quantitative stratigraphic tool. 0037-0738 D? !
Clare, R.; 1986F An introduction to the work of the Severn Tidal Power Group 1983-1985. Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, G Mitigation: Renewables
Severn Tidal Power Group; STPG; tidal; Barrage; 30-31 October 1986s The paper briefly summarises the studies into Severn Tidal Power predating those carried out by the Severn Tidal Power Group. The objectives of the STPG study are discussed and a summary given of the Group's work as an introduction to the more detailed papers to follow in this Seminar. The philosophy adopted with regard to cost estimation and contingencies is stated. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 5 Affiliation Sir Robert McAlpine and Sons Ltd., UK D? !
Keiller, D.C. 1986N Some interactions between tides and tidal power schemes in the Severn Estuary. Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; SEVERN; Bristol channel; hydroelectric; modeling; environmental impact; impact; technology; barrage; power station; 30-31 October 1986 This paper examines the modifications to the natural tides in the Severn estuary that would arise from the operation of a tidal power station at either the Cardiff-Weston or English Stone sites. The effects of the barrage on estuary water levels and velocities are used to calculate the energy output from the two sites including the effects of high water pumping at the Cardiff-Weston site. The same set of results are used to assess the changes to the movement of sandy sediments that might arise with the English Stones scheme. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 ' Affiliation Binnie and Partners, UK D? ! Kerr, D.
Murray, W.T.
Severn, B. 19868 Civil engineering aspects of the Cardiff-Weston Barrage. Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, Adaptation: Infrastructure and Engineering
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Stpg; barrage; infrastructure; engineering; Technology; Construction materials; feasibility study; cost; tidal power; renewable energy; 30-31 October 1986 STPG consider that the barrage should be constructed using concrete caissons as recommended by SBC. A barrage line of 16.3 km length is proposed making maximum use of caissons to increase flexibility in construction sequence and minimize redistribution of settled sediments. STPG studies on caisson design, towing and emplacement, dredging, foundations, locks and embankments are described. Further studies of caisson design are recommended to improve equipment layout and reduce draught. A construction program with a duration of 7 yr to barrage closure is considered feasible. The potential advantages to the project program and cost from provision of smaller locks than proposed by SBC are discussed. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 5 Affiliation Sir Robert McAlpine and Sons Ltd., UK qD? ! Binnie, C.J.A.
Roe, D.E. 19866 Civil engineering aspects of an English Stones barrage Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, Mitigation: Renewables
Adaptation: Cost Benefit Analysis/Environmental Economics
comparative; tidal; barrage; tidal power; hydroelectric; renewable energy; technology; cost; 30-31 October 1986 This paper describes the civil engineering aspects of a barrage generating electricity at the English Stones. Following an introduction to the scheme, the estuary at English Stones and arrangement and alignment of the barrage are discussed. Each of the elements of the barrage is described with regard to design and construction and cost estimates are presented. Finally conclusions are given. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 , Affiliation W.S. Atkins and Partners, UK JD? ! Duffett, G.L.
Ward, G.B. 19863 Power generation studies of a barrage on the Severn Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; technology; hydroelectric; modeling; barrage; power station; cost; stpg; 30-31 October 1986p Bulb turbines are proposed for both Cardiff-Weston and English Stones lines. The paper outlines the factors affecting the selection of the plant design parameters and indicates the method of installation. Studies are reported on energy outputs as they are affected by the number of turbines and sluices, plant availability, generator rating and the mode of operation. There is consideration of operation with ebb generation, double-effect generation and ebb generation plus flood pumping. The relationship of energy output to energy value is considered and reasons are given for the preferred schemes selected by the STPG. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 7 Affiliation Northern Engineering Industries plc, UK D? ! Williams, W.P.; 19865 Electrical stability of the Severn Barrage generation Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; engineering; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; hydroelectric; technology; barrage; power station; electricity; 30-31 October 1986 The paper briefly reviews the phenomena of transient instability in an a.c. power system and the factors that affect it. It describes the assumptions made for and the results of transient stability calculations for both barrage schemes. It is concluded that for the Cardiff-Weston proposal the transient stability is marginal and a fuller investigation is required. With its lower loading the English Stones scheme appears stable though again further studies are necessary. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 C Affiliation GEC Transmission and Distribution Projects Ltd., UK D? !
Barr, D.M.; 1986 Transmission and control. Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; SEVERN; Bristol channel; harmonic analysis; energy policy; hydroelectric; technology; barrage; power station; cost; 30-31 October 1986 The arrangement of the electrical connections from generator to shore for a tidal power station evolves from factors similar to those for other generating stations. These factors include the rating and number of generators, the length of the connections and the magnitude of power loss which can be accepted due to a fault. Also to be considered are the ratings available for switchgear, cables, transformers and busbars. The security level is important and physical restrictions such as weight and access. The most important consideration however is cost. The paper describes the way in which these factors have contributed to the choice of connections for the Severn Barrage between Lavernock Point and Brean Down. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 3 Affiliation Balfour Beatty Engineering Ltd., UK BD? ! ; Baxter, P.;
Gardner, G.E.;
Akers, C.D.;
Baillie, P.W.; 1986J Transmission system reinforcement for Severn tidal power barrage system. Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Adaptation: Cost Benefit Analysis/Environmental Economics
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; hydroelectric; impact; technology; barrage; power station; cost; 30-31 October 1986 The construction of a very large tidal barrage on the Severn would result in a major redistribution of power flow within the electricity supply network at times of high output from the barrage. It would also affect the way in which other generating plant would be operated to meet system load. A preliminary survey has been made by the CEGB of the potential impact of either the 7.2 GW or 1 GW barrage proposals and requirements for system connection and reinforcement have been identified. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 8 Affiliation Central Electricity Generating Board, UK /D? !
Carr, J.G. 1986? The economics and possible financing of the two Severn barrages Tidal Power London% American Institute of Civil Engineers Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Adaptation: Cost Benefit Analysis/Environmental Economics
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; energy policy; hydroelectric; impact; technology; barrage; power station; cost; feasibility study; infrastructure; 30-31 October 1986 This paper considers the economics of two possible Severn Barrages, one built on an alignment from Cardiff to Weston-Super-Mare, and the other on an alignment at the English Stones. Two parameters are chosen to measure the economics. The first on the real pre-tax internal rate of return, while the second is the cost of a unit of electricity at a real discount rate of 5%. The implications of the economics for the prospects of financing either Barrage as a private sector project are then discussed. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 % Affiliation County Group Ltd., UK D? !
Kirby, R 1986c Changes to the fine sediment regime in the Severn Estuary arising from two current barrage schemes. Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; barrage; tidal; tidal power; sediment; impact; technology; environmental impact; 30-31 October 1986 Although both barrage schemes envisage ebb generation, and consequently similar overall hydrodynamic changes in the regions affected by the structures, the differing geographical locations would result in marked contrasts in the fine sediment response. For the Cardiff-Weston site concerns over a range of adverse engineering and environmental consequences are largely due to the insensitivity of the 1981 design. An alternative scheme going some way to overcoming these deficiencies is presented. In contrast, for the English Stones scheme, fine sediment inputs from both seaward and the rivers seem likely to result in a range of less tractable fine sediment problems.C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 / Affiliation Ravensrodd Consultants Ltd., UK D? ! Shaw, T.L.; 1986C Environmental aspects of tidal power barrages in the Severn Estuary Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; environmental impact; impact; comparative; barrage; 30-31 October 1986@ A general review is given of the information used by the Severn Tidal Power Group to assess the possible environmental effects of tidal power barrages at the proposed Cardiff-Weston and English Stones sites in the Severn Estuary. Reference is made to the relevance of the conclusions to other proposed barrage schemes. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 5 Affiliation Sir Robert McAlpine and Sons Ltd., UK W $D? ! Shaw, TL 1986a Regional infrastructure and employment implications of tidal power barrages in the Severn Estuary Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, Adaptation: Infrastructure and Engineering
Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry
infrastructure; impact; employment; tidal power; severn; barrage; renewable energy; amenities; recreation; 30-31 October 1986f The principal demands made on regional infrastructure following barrage commissioning are assessed in terms of their likely impact on the local community. Growths in tourism and water-based leisure industries are amongst the more likely to emerge rapidly following completion of either project, if not earlier. Industrial, commercial and service sector activities are also expected, depending on associated investment and promotion levels. Improved transportation across the estuary using the barrage to carry a public road could add confidence to the realisation of new opportunities, especially in South Wales. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 072770D? !
Clare, R.; 1986 The way forward. Tidal Power London' American Institute of Civil Engineers, ~ Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
department of Energy; severn tidal power group; stpg; tidal; hydroelectric; cost; energy policy; 30-31 October 1986Q On 9th July the Secretary of State announced a further program of 5.5M Pounds of tidal power studies. At the time of writing no decision has been made on how this money will be deployed. The largest amount goes for further work on the Cardiff Weston line in the Severn estuary. This package will total 4.2M Pounds and will be jointly and equally funded by the Department of Energy, the CEGB and the Severn Tidal Power Group (STPG). It is timely to consider how this funding will advance the development of tidal power in the U.K. and what more needs to be done to realise the viable schemes. C Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings (Hardcover). ISBN 0727703900 5 Affiliation Sir Robert McAlpine and Sons Ltd., UK &? Various 1986" Tidal Power: Symposium Proceedings 338 Tidal Power
London, UK% American Institute of Civil Engineers Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal June
0727703900 ? # Henderson, P.A.;
Holmes, R.H.A.; 1987 On the population biology of the common shrimp Crangon crangon (L.) (Crustacea: Caridea) in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. 825-847M Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Plymouth. 67 4 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Climate Change Impacts: Species
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; migration; benthic ecology; invertebrates; shrimp; Crangon crangon; Severn; estuary; | A 5-year study of the population biology of the common shrimp Crangon crangon in the Bristol Channel is reported. Samples were collected from three commercial fishermen and from the filter screens of five power stations taking water from the estuary. The Seven Estuary and Bristol Channel were found to contain a single shrimp population which undertook regular seasonal migrations in order to avoid low salinities and to reproduce. Previous studies had assumed that the regions held separate populations which migrated to avoid low winter temperatures. Population size was found to vary seasonally, but there was no underlying trend. 0025-3154 F Affiliation Mar. Biol. Unit, CEGB, Fawley, Southampton SO4 1TW, UK D? ! Collins, M. 19844 Sediment transport in the Bristol Channel: A review.: Geology and Sediments of Offshore Wales and Adjacent Areas Cardiff, UK Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment; sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; sediment transport; geology; modeling; holocene; bristol channel; severn; 4 February 1984 Investigations into the physical oceanographic characteristics of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary are reviewed; these include the general pattern of water movement and the influence of high freshwater discharges on the salinity distribution. In an attempt to extrapolate observations of transport processes into the ancient record, a preliminary facies model for the macrotidal Bristol Channel is presented. The model shows the availability of sand increasing in an onshore direction; processing in this direction, the facies pass from scoured bedrock and lag deposits, through cross bedded megaripple foresets and the topset planar bedding of intertidal flats, to Holocene fill and supratidal deposits. X Published in Bassett, MG (ed) Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, London. 1987. B Affiliation Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. Southampton, Southampton, UK (D? Bassett, M.G.; 1984* Proceedings of the Geologists' Association: Geology and Sediments of Offshore Wales and Adjacent Areas Bassett, MG Cardiff, UKM Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment; offshore; geology; 1987# Conference held: 15th February 1984 ? m Kelley, D.; 1986, Bass Nurseries on the West Coast of the U.K. 439-464C Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66 2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
bass; dicentrarchus labrax; Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; macrofauna; ecology; fish; May A survey was made in 1982-3 of 8 estuaries on the west coast of the U.K., all of the shallow sand-bar type and not previously recognized as nurseries of bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). All were found to be supporting populations of O-group bass. Taken with existing records for the south and south-east coasts and the Severn Estuary, the results indicated that all estuaries in the summer range of the species--roughly, the coastal waters west of a line Cumbria/East Anglia--are, if not polluted, likely to be nurseries for young bass, in degree probably related to their size. Sampling was done in the shallow creeks, marsh pools and tributary streams. The best sites, and the most suitable measures of catch per unit of effort, were identified. Seasonal behavior and movements were noted, together with some possible sources of avoidable loss. Growth of the O-group bass differed in two respects from that of older bass. There were appreciable and consistent regional differences in growth-rates, and some growth occurred in winter--though at a much reduced rate. Scales had in no cases attained their full size, relative to body-size, by age 1 but appeared likely to do so by age 2. The 1982 brood appeared to be a very strong one: that of 1983 a moderately strong one. 0025-3154 I Affiliation Old Farm, Trebetherick, Wadebridge, Cornwall PL27 6SB, UK p 9? * Claridge, P.N.
Potter, I.C.
Hardisty, M.W. 1986p Seasonal changes in movements, abundance, size composition and diveristy of the fish fauna of the Severn Estuary 229-258B Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66 19 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries _ Extensive sampling of the intake screens of power stations in the Severn Estuary (Berkeley, Oldbury-upon-Severn and Uskmouth) and Bristol Channel (Hinkley Point) yielded a total of 97 species of lampreys, elasmobranchs and teleosts. The Gadidae was the most abundant family at Oldbury, both in terms of numbers of individuals (51934) and species (13). The 15 most abundant species at Oldbury included 2 anadromous 1 catadromous, 1 estuarine and 1 freshwater species. The remaining 10 species, which fall within the broad category of estuarine-dependent marine species, contained a large proportion of 0 + indivuduals. The number of species, and to an even greater extent the total number of fish, underwent consistent seasonal trends, with maximum and minimum values for the latter occurring between September and January and between March and May respectively. T http://www.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=8701165a NERC, Institute of Marine Env? Delo, E.A.;
Burt, T.N.; 1986Q Dispersion of sidecast dredged spoil -- a mathematical prediction and field study 285-290 Dock & Harbour Authority 66 778 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Aggregates; Marine aggregates; industry; spoil; modelling; dredging; sediment; sediment dynamics; environmental impact; The authors describe a series of mathematical models developed to simulate the short term dispersion of dredged spoil in an estuary or at sea. Spoil from dredging operations is often disposed of by transporting the material to a spoil ground and discharging it from the hopper. Alternatively, the material can be discharged directly over the side of a working dredger in an operation known as sidecasting. In the latter case the effectiveness of the method depends on the existence of suitable cross-currents to carry the sediment away from the dredge site before it returns to the bed. The models predict the "footprint" of dredged material that may be expected to be found downdrift of its release point as a result of sidecast operations. They were tested against results obtained during dredging operations in the Severn Estuary. The results showed that the models were able to simulate the pattern of deposition resulting from the sidecast discharges. U Presented at 11. World Dredging Conference (WODCON XI), Brighton (UK), 4-7 Mar 1986 0012-4419 5 Affiliation Hydraulics Res. Ltd., Wallingford, UK %lish Nature Research Reports, No 692. \urce is also essential to inform the second stage of the Shoreline Management Plans (SMP2). S u?0
% Crowther, S.
Dickson, A.
Truscoe, K. 2008N Severn Estuary Rapid
u?.
Department of Energy, 1989W Severn Barrage Project Detailed Report. Volume 5: Regional Studies and Legal Background 2 London Department of Energy/STPG/CEGBS Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry
Mitigation: Re ?/
Department of Energy, 1989 Severn Barrage Project Detailed Report. Volume 1: Tidal Hydrodynamics, Sediments, Water Quality, Land drainage, and Sea Defences IV London Department of Energy/STPG/CEGB Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
newables- Tidal Coastal Zone Assessment Survey National Mapping Programme Swindon A report to English Heritage8 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage /
hange Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage #
s: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
: Fisheries rts&Subject=Marine&lang=en {
ports/assessments-reports.htm[ Contains links and pdf files for all chapters and sections of all three assessment reports. fd>0.04, and low slope <0.04, with a further possible category of very steep slope (not, vert, similar0.16). Further analysis of meso and macrotidal mudflats (? Allen, J.R.L.;
Rae, J.E.; 1986A Time sequence of metal pollution, Severn Estuary, southwestern UK 427-431 Marine Pollution Bulletin 17 9 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
flandrian; shoreline; intertidal; sediment dynamics; paleoenvironments; dating techniques; industry; contamination; baseline; The late Flandrian (Roman and post-Roman) muddy intertidal sediments of the well-mixed Severn Estuary display a spatially uniform temporal pattern of grain size-corrected trace-metal (Zn, Cu, Pb) abundances. In the earlier deposits (chemozone I, pre-industrial) the metal content is low but steady. Over the period of chemozone II (industrial) the metals increase rapidly in abundance to a maximum. The sediments of chemozone III (post-industrial) show a slight decline in metal content with decreasing age up to the present. In terms of a super(210)Pb-dated sequence of deposits from Swansea Bay, in the adjoining Bristol Channel system, chemozone II began about 1840-50 AD and chemozone III about 1940-50 AD. A comparison between the preindustrial and the later sediments as regards correlations between metal abundances suggests that the lead and zinc entered the Severn Estuary largely from natural sources within the adjoining river basins, but at anthropogenically enhanced rates during the industrial and post-industrial periods. 0025-326X > Affiliation Dep. Geol., Univ. Reading, Reading RG6 2AB, UK ? ( Claridge, P.N
Potter, I.C.
Warwick, R.M. 1986? Consistency of seasonal changes in an estuarine fish assemblage 217-228 Marine Ecology Progress Series 32 2-3 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; macrofauna; ecology; fish; modeling; SEVERN;X Data on the abundance of all fish species collected at weekly intervals from the intake screens of the Oldbury-upon-Severn Power Station in the inner Severn Estuary, U.K., between 1972 and 1977, were analysed using classification and multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) ordination techniques. In each year the structure of the fish community in the shallows of the estuary underwent similar cyclical changes. These changes were largely attributable to a sequential immigration and emigration of different species, particularly estuarine-dependent marine species, and were not driven directly by variations in water temperature, salinity or freshwater discharge from the river. Comparisons between the data for years with the driest and wettest winters show that the pattern of change in faunal composition was modified under extreme environmental conditions. 0171-8630 P Affiliation Sch. Environ. and Life Sci., Murdoch Univ., W.A. 6150, Australia ? Aprahamian, M.W.
Barr, C.D. 1985e The growth, abundance and diet of 0-group sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax , from the Severn Estuary. 169-180N Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Plymouth. 65 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; bass; baseline; population studies; diet; Dicentrachus labrax; migration routes; Postlarval bass (D. labrax ) with a mean fork length of approximately equals 15 mm were first recorded in the upper reaches of the Severn Esturary at the end of July to the beginning of August. Juveniles, taken from Power Station intake samples, lower down the estuary, did not appear until September; reasons for this are discussed. The majority of the juveniles remained in the inner estuary until October, after which they migrated seawards. Relatively few were caught later. The relationship between wet weight (g) and fork length (mm) was described by the equation W = 9 multiplied by 126 x 10 super(-6) L super(3 multiplied by 142). The main components of the diet were mysids and calanoid copepods though gammarids and corophiums were also important. 0025-3154 o Affiliation Freshwat. Fish., Dep. Zool., U $ ? 7 Claridge, P.N.
Potter, I.C. 1985l Distribution, abundance and size composition of mullet populations in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel 325-335B Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65 2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; Liza ramada; Chelon labrosus; Liza aurata; diet; mullet; migration routes; biomass; macrofauna; ecology; Mullet were collected over several years in regular samples from Berkeley, Oldbury and Uskmouth in the Severn Estuary and from Hinkley Point and Minehead in the Inner Bristol Channel, and also during five trips to Pembroke, Milford Haven, on the south-western tip of Wales. The numbers of thin-lipped mullet, Liza ramada , were far greater in samples from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel than in Milford Haven, whereas the reverse was true for thick-lipped mullet, Chelon labrosus . Golden mullet, Liza aurata , was only found in Milford Haven. The estimated spawning time of the L. ramada population that gave rise to the individuals found in the estuary was between April and June. While there was great variation in the numbers of L. ramada entering the estuary in different years, peak abundance was always reached in October or November. Growth of L. ramada was slow, with mean standard lengths of only 55-58 mm being attained after approximately 10-12 months. In general, the O+ age class was the most abundant but considerable numbers of 1+ and occasionally 2+ individuals were also collected. The data indicate that Liza ramada tends to move out into deeper water as it increases in size.
0025-3154 Y Affiliation Mar. Sci. Dir., NERC, Polaris House, North Star Ave., Swindon SN2 1EU, UK ? l Randerson, P.; 1985I A model of carbon flow in the intertidal areas of the Severn Estuary, UK. 117A Estuaries 8 2B Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Severn; spartina; salt marsh; intertidal; mudflats; nutrient cycling; In the Severn Estuary, the bulk of autochthonous production occurs in the fringing Spartina anglica marsh and intertidal mudflat systems. Allochthonous carbon input from sewage effluent sources are comparatively large. A carbon flow model of the intertidal zone has been developed along the lines of the model of the marshes at Sapelo Island in the USA. Calibration of the model has been based on the information from the literature -- supported where possible by site specific data. The high variance of production of Spartina and benthic algae both within and between sites and the likely difference with marshes of the eastern U.S.A. are considered. a Presented at: 8. Biennial International Estuarine Research Conf., Durham, NH
te Change Impacts: Habitats g
et District CouncilQ Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment ?5
Rippon, S. 1997H Wetland Reclamation on the Gwent Levels: Dissecting a Historic Landscape 13-30* Landscape and settlement in medieval Wales Oxbow monograph 81 Edwards, N. Oxford Oxbow8 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage Eate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants <inkerhoff./ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
cations is discussed. C
niv. Liverpool, Brownlow St., P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK @nce/article/B6T8F-3YB9W28-26/2/186f228341c9423efa13e5b2f055c24d 8pects of chemical reactivity within the Severn Estuary.
nights, RG6 2AB und on pages 320-332 Iebruaryc Using a 24-year time series of monthly samples, the factors correlated with long-term variation in the abundance and growth of sole, Solea sole? & Uncles, RJ;
Jordan, MB;
Taylor, AH 1985Q Temporal variability of elevations, currents and salinity in a well-mixed estuary 36A Estuaries 8 2B/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Data are presented for currents, salinity, surface elevations and meteorological variables over a three-month period in the Severn Estuary, UK. Currents and salinity were recorded 5 m above the bed in 23 m of water at a site in the seaward reaches of the estuary. Surface elevations were observed in the middle reaches, and meteorological variables at a station between these two sites. j Presented at: Eighth Biennial International Estuarine Research Conference, Durham, NH (USA), 28 Jul 1985 0160-8347 6 Affiliation Inst. Mar. Environ. Res., Plymouth, UK *D? ! & Uncles, RJ;
Jordan, MB;
Taylor, AH 1985R Temporal variability of elevations, currents and salinity in a well-mixed esturary< Eighth Biennial International Estuarine Research Conference Durham, NH (USA) / Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
28 Jul 1985 Data are presented for currents, salinity, surface elevations and meteorological variables over a three-month period in the Severn Estuary, UK. Currents and salinity were recorded 5 m above the bed in 23 m of water at a site in the seaward reaches of the estuary. Surface elevations were observed in the middle reaches, and meteorological variables at a station between these two sites. / Published in: Estuaries, vol 8 no 2B pp36A 1985 0160-8347 6 Affiliation Inst. Mar. Environ. Res., Plymouth, UK D? ! Ryrie, S.C.; 1984J Optimally controlled hydrodynamics for tidal power from the Severn Estuary Seventh POLYMODEL Conference. Dyke, P.P.G.;
Moscardini, A.O.;
Robson, E.H.; Sunderland, Tyne and Wear (UK)s Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
hydrodymanics; tidal; tidal power; renewable energy; barrage; technology; modeling; May 1984 There has for some time been interest in the building of an energy extracting barrage across the Severn Estuary, where the tidal range is one of the greatest in the world. In planning such a barrage, it is important to estimate the likely energy output from it, and to design it and its operation so as to maximise this output. The present work aims to develop a model, of the operation of the barrage and its interaction with tidal dynamics, within which it is possible to find the likely maximum output from the available machinery. < Proceedings edited by: Dyke, PPG; Moscardini, AO; Robson, EH 0387960546 L Affiliation Dep. Comput. Stud. and Math., Bristol Polytech., Bristol, UK ? j Potter, I.C.;
Claridge, P.N.; 1985] Seasonal catches, size and meristic data for sprat, Sprattus sprattus , in the Severn Estuary 667-675N Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Plymouth. 65 3 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; biomass; macrofauna; ecology; fish; fauna; sprat; sprattus sprattus; abundance; recruitment;E Samples collected at regular intervals from the intake screens of power stations have been used to provide data on various aspects of the biology of sprat in the Severn Estuary between November 1973 and June 1977. Young sprat took approximately 4 months to pass from spawning regions outside the central Bristol Channel to inshore areas in the inner Severn Estuary. The influx into this latter region of theses new o+ recruits (minimum standard length 26 mm) produced a pronounced peak in catches in either August or September, while a secondary peak between January and March was due to the immigration of larger and older fish (80-143 mm). o+ sprat did not increase markedly in size between the autumn and following spring, with the result that the modal standard length was still only ca. 50 mm at the end of the first year of life. 0025-3154 X Affiliation Sch. Environ. and Life Sci., Murdoch Univ., Murdoch, W.A., 6150, Australia ? McLeod, N.D. 19850 Computer aided mapping project aids Severn Trent 244-246 Water Services 89 1072q Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems
severn; modeling; sewage; water treatment; water quality; mapping; The Lower Severn Division, one of the eight divisions of the Severn-Trent Water Authority, supplies water to and treats sewage from 780 000 people over an area of 3600km super(2) through 5560km of mains and 4200km of sewers. The Division is also responsible for maintaining some 658km of rivers and estuaries from Wolverhampton and the mountains of Mid-Wales down to Avon-mouth and Beachley on the banks of the Severn estuary. To help manage the enormous amounts of data associated with this network of mains, sewers and river embankments, the Division embarked in early 1984 on what was essentially a pilot computer aided mapping scheme and installed an Intergraph interactive computer graphics system, worth around 300 000 pound sterling at their headquaters in Southwick Park, Tewkesbury -- with a remote workstation at the Staverton area depot in Gloucester online to the Tewkesbury system. 0301-7028 # Affiliation Intergraph Ltd., UK V? Allen, J.R.L; 1985X Mud micro-washovers: An intertidal sedimentary structure indicating atmospheric exposure 240-242 Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 55 2 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Erosion and flooding; sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; geology; sediment; The Mud micro-washovers preserved on mud-coated rippled sand flats in the macrotidal Severn Estuary occur as rows of small triangular lobes of sediment draped along the crests of ebb-oriented current ripples. The lobes point in the direction of the wind blowing when the flats were exposed and are thought on circumstantial grounds to record the wind-provoked rippling and splashing of liquid mud from the partly full ripple troughs up and over the crests. ? Affiliation Dep. Geol., The Unviersity, Reading RG6 2AB, UK $ ? @ Raven, P.W.J.;
Stuart, R.J.;
Bray, J.A.;
Littlejohns, P.S.; 19856 Full-scale dynamic testing of submarine pipeline spans 395-4040 Seventeeth Annual Offshore Technology Conference 3 Houston, Texas New Yorkb Adaptation: Infrastructure and Engineering
pipeline; communications; technology; infrastructure; 6-9 May 1985 As part of a wider program of development to establish an improved basis for submarine pipeline span assessment, full scale testing was performed on 50 m and 40 m lengths of spanning 20-inch pipe in the strongly tidal Severn Estuary (UK). The spans have been tested over a range of incident velocities to promote responses including cross flow lock-in conditions. The tests were performed with smooth and replicated concrete roughness surfaces and a range of gaps between pipe and bed. Measurements of current, vortex shedding behaviour and span motions have been recorded and evaluated. The work has established a significant benchmark for the prediction of thresholds for the onset of adverse span response in relation to local current conditions. The full scale testing extends existing knowledge of span behaviour by identifying the effects of nearbed proximity and roughness on span response under conditions representative of the offshore environment. ? Robertson, C.I.
Sellin, R.H.J. 1985 A model study of tidal barrage sluices for minimum energy loss. (Etude sur modele reduit des pertuis de vannage d'un amenagement maremoteur visant a minimiser la perte d'energie) 453-466@ Journal of Hydraulic Research/Journal de Recherches Hydraulique 23 5 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; hydroelectric; modeling; impact; technology; barrage; feasibility study; sluice gates; sea-level; As part of the pre-feasibility study for the Severn Barrage, hydraulic tests were carried out on half models of three sluice passageway designs based on a vertical gated Venturi passage. Froude law scaling relationships were sued throughout and the models were tested over a range of water levels corresponding to the expected sea level variation at the preferred barrage site. The sluices were tested under simulated in-service conditions, the flow being in one direction only, i.e. from the open sea. The quantitative results are presented as diffuser efficiency values. Flow visualisation identified regions of flow separation and measurements were also made of the downstream velocity distribution in a vertical plane. The three models tested here represent progressive modification and improvement to the original design and their performance, as represented by diffuser efficiency, was improved from 0.55 to 0.75 and finally to 0.85. 0022-1686 : Affiliation Dep. Civ. Eng., Univ. Bristol, Bristol, UK K? Ferns, P.N.; 1984/ Birds of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 76-81 Marine Pollution Bulletin 15 2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
birds; population studies; biodiversity; food web; Common Scoters; Melanitta nigra; migration; From the point of view of the birds which feed in these waters, it is turbidity of the water rather than salinity which represent the most significant constraint upon foraging activities. Several species have declined dramatically in numbers during the last forty years. The reasons for these changes are not known, though declining food supplies, oiling, and other forms of pollution have been suggested as possible factors. Despite the paucity of marine birds in the inner Bristol Channel, and the unsuitability of the area for feeding, it has been suggested that an overland migration route for such birds might exist between the North Sea and the Atlantic, from the Wash to the Severn. The most important concentration of marine birds in the Bristol Channel is the flock of Common Scoters, Melanitta nigra , it is probably an important moulting site for males. The largest number recorded was 25000 birds in March 1974 when passage migrants were likely to have been present-more typical wintering counts being about 6000. 0025-326X d Affiliation: Zoological Department, University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF1 1XL, Wales, UK
G? Williams, R. 19845 Zooplankton of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 66-70 Marine Pollution Bulletin 15 2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; zooplankton; biomass; food web; distribution; plankton; ecology; copepods; The basic distribution and composition of the zooplankton in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary is now understood. The communities, or associations of species, described in this report are normal for estuaries in northern latitudes both in their abundance and species composition. Multi-demensional scaling analysis gave similar results to the classification method and confirmed the relationship between the distributions of the plankton and salinity. The four assemblages or associations of species derived from the dendrograms conformed to the generalized classification of plankton according to their tolerance of salinity ranges in estuaries that is, (a) true-estuarine, (b) estuarine and marine. The assemblages were characterized in this study by the four copepods Eurytemora affinis (Poppe), Acartia bifilosa var. inermis (Rose), Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) and Calanus helgolandicus , Claus respectively. 0025-326X k Affiliation Natl. Environ. Res. Counc., Inst. Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, UK 9?
Dyer, K.R. 1984= Sedimentation processes in the Bristol Channel/Severn Estuary 53-57 Marine Pollution Bulletin 15 2 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment; sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; sediment transport; tidal; pollutants; contamination; Severn; The Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary together form a wide, shallow estuary with a large tidal range and strong currents. The residual current flow in the Bristol Channel has been modelled using a vertically integrated scheme which indicated a general westerly residual current, with a clockwise circulation in Swansea Bay and west of Nash Point. The sediment distribution and sediment budgets in the Inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary are reviewed with discussions on both sandy and muddy sediment and its transport. The system is more or less in balance in the subtidal prism in the estuary above the Holms and any further sediment input would be deposited outside the Holms. The major sediment supply seems to be of fine-grained material from the rivers, but because of the very high tidal energy, the existing sediments are continually being reworked and redistributed. Any major alteration of the topography or the tidal regime would disrupt this regime. Because of the large quantity of fine sediment in motion and its affinity for pollutants it is important to understand the processes by which the high concentrations settle, erode and mix. 0025-326X u Affiliation National Environmental Research Council, Institute of Oceanographical Sciences, Taunton, Somerset, UK ? Owens, M. 1984/ Severn Estuary -- an appraisal of water quality 41-47 Marine Pollution Bulletin 15 2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
water quality; severn; environmental assessment; baseline; Usk; tss; ; The tasks of the Technical Working Party were to: evaluate all existing chemical, biological and physical data available for the estuary; evaluate all the water quality modelling exercises for management of the estuary. In general the quality of the water in the main body of the estuary is not greatly affected by pollution. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are high throughout the estuary except in the first 20 km rach below Maisemore; here the dissolved oxygen content can be depleted as a possible consequence of the resuspension of deposited organic material on the flood of spring tides. Similar effects are seen in other estuaries and resuspension is certainly an important mechanism in determining oxygen concentrations in the Usk Estuary. Some discontinuities in the distribution of dissolved oxygen occur between the Severn Bridge and Avonmouth/Newport regions, possibly reflecting the effects of inputs from Avonmouth and Newport. Surface water in the study area is frequently supersaturated with oxygen in respect to air, reflecting photosynthetic production of oxygen. 0025-326X ] Affiliation Sci. Serv., Welsh Water Auth., Cambrian Way, Brecon, Powys LD3 7HP, Wales, UK r? , Ferns, P.N.;
Hastings, M.P.;
Shaw, T.L.; 1984k Minimizing the possible effects of a tidal power barrage on the shorebird populations of the Severn Estuary 131-143$ Journal of Environmental Management 18 2 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Species
barrage; birds; environmental impact; mitigation; wetland; renewable energy; conservation; One important consequence of building a barrage across the Severn Estuary to generate electricity from tidal power would be a reduction in the tidal range upstream of such a barrage, which would in turn reduce the size of the intertidal feeding areas available to the nine species of shorebirds that occur there in internationally important numbers. However, it may be possible to select new low tide levels which would minimize the effects on birds without sacrificing too much power output. In any further studies, more attention needs to be paid to the possibility of such compromises between the interests of optimal power generation and environmental conservation. 0301-4797 9 Affiliation Zool. Dep., University Coll., Cardiff, UK = 1? , Birkett, N.;
Count, B.M.;
Nichols, N.K.; 1984( Optimal control problems in tidal power. 37-42/ International Water Power and Dam Construction 36 1 Mitigation: Renewables
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; hydroelectric; environmental impact; impact; technology; barrage; power station; cost; feasibility study;O Over the years there have been a number of studies to investigate the feasibility of using the tidal energy in the Severn Estuary to produce electricity. The most recent study has just been completed; it concludes that a Severn Barrage is technically feasible, could be economically attractive but recommends further studies on its environmental acceptability. The economic arguments have been hotly debated; in such evaluations both the component costs and energy produced must be determined accurately and this has posed a complex optimisation problem which is discussed in this article. Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal 0306-400XJ Affiliation Dep. Math., Univ. Reading, Rea? . Williams, R.;
Collins, N.R.; 1984 Distribution and variability in abundance of Schistomysis spiritus (Crustacea: Mysidacea) in the Bristol Channel in relation to environmental variables, with comments on other mysids 197-206 Marine biology 80 2 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; zooplankton; biomass; ecology; abundance; estuary; Mysids;O Mysids are important components of the zooplankton biomass of estuaries and coastal regions. Twelve species were identified from the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (British Isles). The most abundant species was S. spiritus (Norman). The seasonal distribution and numerical abundance of this species are described. The peak of abundance of S. spiritus occurred in the Inner Channel in September. The species contributed 43% of the total integrated omnivore standing stock. This peak of biomass was the product of the development of the juveniles from the reproductive period in the spring. Correlation analyses were carried out between S. spiritus biomass and 10 physical and biotic variables. Temperature and salinity, which are simple indices of seasonal change, exhibited significant correlations with the mysid's abundance in both months. 0025-3162 f Affiliation NERC, Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Pl., The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, UK ? Harris, P.T.
Collins, M.B. 1984b Bedform distributions and sediment transport paths in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, U.K. 153-166 Marine Geology 62 1-2t Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; bedload parting zone; sediment transport; severn; Megaripple, sandwave and sand ribbon distributions are mapped from 3088 km of detailed side-scan sonar data collected in a macrotidal estuary. Sandwave orientations indicate localized bedload divergences which form part of a larger transport system. The previously described "bedload parting zone" is shown to be an oversimplification of transport paths. Results from this investigation are compared and integrated with other sediment transport models for the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. Upstream coastal sediment transport is proposed, contrasting with downstream mid-channel movement. Such a pattern may be applicable to other estuarine systems. 0025-3227 ? Corlett, J.T.; 1984# Tidal power from the Severn Estuary 89
Energy Review 11 3 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; infrastructure; environmental impact; impact; technology; barrage; power station; cost; feasibility study; ecology; estuary; biodiversity; Ecological consequences, as well as economic and engineering factors, must be considered before constructing an estuarial barrage for the purpose of turbo-generating electricity. The least damaging method of utilizing tidal power is the ebb generation mode, where sluices and turbines are closed at high water and opened when the lowered tide provides sufficient head to efficiently turn the turbines. The four main causes of impact are the physical presence of the barrage, changes in water levels, changes in sedimentation, and changes in water flow patterns. Upstream of the barrage, water levels would vary between the present mid-tide level and mean high tide; thus much of the lower-lying intertidal areas would permanently be covered with water, which would decrease those fauna populations that rely upon a shellfish diet. Increased phytoplankton would increase the estuarial fish population. (Water Sci. and Technol., 16 (1/2), 1984, pp. 253-268.) iD? Gordon, D.C. Jr.; 1981L Introduction to the Symposium on the Dynamics of Turbid Coastal Environments8 Symposium on the Dynamics of Turbid Coastal Environments Gordon, DC Jr;
Hourston, AS; Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences/Journal canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. 1983.
ISSN 0706-652X x Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; tss; turbidity; coastal environments;
29 Sep 1981 ] In the fall of 1981 an International Symposium on Dynamics of Turbid Coastal Environments was held at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. All fifty-one of the papers considered either directly or indirectly the importance of suspended sediment. On the first day, papers describing research in Asia, South America, and North America were presented; on the second day, in Europe; and on the third day, in the Bay of Fundy and the Bristol Channel/Severn Estuary. At the conclusion, the six session chairmen reviewed the content of all the papers and extracted what they thought were the major findings and conclusions. D? ! Uncles, RJ; 1983m Modeling tidal stress, circulation, and mixing in the Bristol Channel as a prerequisite for ecosystem studies8 Symposium on the Dynamics of Turbid Coastal Environments Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canadak Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences/Journal canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques; Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions 29 September 1981W A depth-averaged hydrodynamical numerical model is used to evaluate tidal stresses, currents, and mixing in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. Benthic macrofaunal associations and sediment bed types are shown to depend on the magnitude of the tidal stress, and the direction of sediment transport (as bed-load) in the central parts of the Channel is shown to be a consequence of ebb dominated stress. This asymmetry in the tidal stress is mainly caused by M sub(4) currents, and computed M sub(4) elevations and currents are compared with observed values at a number of stations. Residual flows and horizontal mixing are deduced from the hydrodynamical model, and used to construct transport relationships for an ecosystem model. Agreement between observed salinity over a number of years and that computed by the ecosystem model is generally good. Y See also full conference proceedings as apublished by Gordon, DC Jr and Hourston AS (eds) National Environmental Research Council, Institue of Marine Environmental Research. Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK ISSN 0706-652X D? ! Kirby, R;
Parker, WR 1983` Distribution and behavior of fine sediment in the Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel, U.K.8 Symposium on the Dynamics of Turbid Coastal Environments Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canadak Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences/Journal canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment 29 September 1981 Abstract During the 10 yr, 1970-80 a variety of field measurements using some new techniques have allowed the distribution of muddy sediment in the Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel to be defined. Based on these measurements, a behavioral model has been adopted comprising mobile and stationary suspensions, and settled mud. The regional distribution of mobile suspensions shows a suspended solids front located along the main channel axis with the more turbid water on the southern, English, side. At maximum current velocities on spring tides, vertical suspended sediment profiles are homogeneous. As velocity decreases, a stepped structure develops due to settling, which is then remixed on the next accelerating semidiurnal tidal phase. Over the lunar timescale these steps become more stable, eventually settling to the bed. The steps are unrelated to salinity, temperature, grain-size, or mineralogy. Y See also full conference proceedings as apublished by Gordon, DC Jr and Hourston AS (eds)K Affiliation Institue of Oceanographical Sciences. Taunton, Somerset, UK ISSN 0706-652X D? ! Bryant, R.;
Williams, D.J.A.; 1983J Characteristics of suspended cohesive sediment in the Severn Estuary, U.K.8 Symposium on the Dynamics of Turbid Coastal Environments Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canadak Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences/Journal canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques~ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; Severn; modeling; tss; sediment composition; 29 September 19811 Characteristics of suspended cohesive sediment from the benthic boundary layer of the Bristol Channel/Severn Estuary were examined at one location (51 degree 27.66'N, 2 degree 53.20'W). Samples were collected in vertical profiles over the bottom 2 m of the water column at times near to, and at low and high slack water periods on spring and neap tides. Primary particle size distributions obtained using a Coulter Counter (range 1.59-50 mu m) and electron microscopy (range 0.1-20 mu m) reveal bimodal (volume) frequency distributions with a lower mode fixed at 1.59 mu m and a higher mode variable between 6 and 30 mu m. When these data are converted to number frequency distribution, the higher mode effectively vanishes, while the lower is retained. Suspended sediment mineralogy, of dispersed samples, was determined by individual and multiple particle examination using analytical electron microscopy. Average suspended sediment composition was found to be illite 44%, quartz 23%, chlorite 19%, calcium carbonate 5%, kaolinite 4%, and organic carbon 3% (by weight). Y See also full conference proceedings as apublished by Gordon, DC Jr and Hourston AS (eds)\ Affiliation Department of Chemical Engineering, Univeristy College, Swansea. SA2 8PP, UK ISSN 0706-652X QD? ! Ferns, P.N.; 1983] Sediment mobility in the Severn Estuary and its influence upon the distribution of shorebirds8 Symposium on the Dynamics of Turbid Coastal Environments Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada2 Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Species
sediment dynamics; intertidal; seabirds; estuary; severn; food web; erosion; environmental impact; ecosystem; 29 September 1981 In December 1979, superficial muddy sediments were eroded from considerable areas of the intertidal zone of the southern shores of the Severn Estuary during a period of prolonged westerly gales. Shorebird numbers at the affected sites showed an immediate decline as a result of the depletion of their mud-dwelling invertebrate food resources, and there was a corresponding increase in the numbers of birds along the northern shores of the estuary where no such erosion had occurred. High winds, by propagating waves that mobilize fine sediments in the intertidal zone, are implicated as a significant factor influencing the distribution of some shorebirds. Y See also full conference proceedings as apublished by Gordon, DC Jr and Hourston AS (eds)] Affiliation Department of Zoology, University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF1 1XL, UK ISSN 0706-652X X? Uncles, R.J.
Joint, I.R. 1983K Vertical Mixing And Its Effects On Phytoplankton Growth In a Turbid Estuary 221-228 Can J. Fish. Aquatic Sci 40 Suppl 1h Clima4 ? ' Abdullah, M.I.
Dunlop, H.M.
Gardner, D. 1973X Chemical and hydrographic observations in the Bristol Channel during April and June 1971 299-319+ Joumal of Marine Biological Association U.K 53] Clim D?
Davies, J. 1998 Part 2. Reviews within MNCR Coastal Sectors. Chapter 9. Bristol Channel and approaches (Cape Cornwall to Cwm yr Eglwys, Newport Bay) (MNCR Sector 9) Marine Nature Conservation Review. Benthic marine ecosystems: a review of current knowledge for Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic Hiscock, K. Peterborough# Joint Nature Conservation Committee8 Climg D?
5 Murray, L. A.
Norton, M. G.
Nunny, R. S.
Rolfe, M. S. 1980 Field assessment of the effects of dumping wastes at sea: 7. Sewage sludge and industrial waste disposal ? Rowbotham, F.; 1983 The Severn Bore
Third Edition Newon Abbott, UK David & Charlesg Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn bore; bore; severn estuary; hydrodynamics; wave;
0715385089 3? Kirby, R;
Parker, WR 19821 A Suspended Sediment Front in the Severn Estuary. 396-399 Nature 295 5848/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment A zone of marked local gradient in the regional suspended solids field has been located along the axis of the Severn Estuary. This front occupies virtually the same position on ebb and flood and on spring and neap tides, although the amplitude of the gradient fluctuates. Thermohaline fronts have been described in coastal waters suspended sediment fronts associated with the discharge of major rivers into the sea are common while fronts caused by convergence of secondary circulations within estuaries have also been reported.
0028-0836 \ Affiliation Institute of Oceanographical Sciences, Crossway, Taunton, Somerset TA1 2DW, UK n? Collins, N.R.;
Williams, R.; 1982A Zooplankton Communities in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 1-11 Marine ecology progress series 9 1 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; zooplankton; diet; biomass; infauna; benthic ecology; estuary; mudflats; ecology; invertebrates; Zooplankton distributions in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, for January, April and August 1974, were analysed using an hierarchical clustering technique (CLUSTER) and an ordination technique (multi-dimensional scaling). Shade-matrices were used to associate the groups of species with the groups of sampling sites derived from these techniques. Four groups of species or assemblages of zooplankton were described, these were numerically dominated by the calanoid copepodes Eurytemora affinis (Poppe), Acartia bifilosa var.inermis Rose, Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) and Calanus helgolandicus (Claus), respectively. These 4 assemblages conformed to the generalised classification of plankton according to salinity in estuaries: true estuarine, estuarine, and marine, euryhaline marine, and stenohaline marine. A strong relationship between the assemblages and salinity was demonstrated. 0171-8630 r Affiliation Nat. Environ. Res. Counc., Inst. Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PLI 3DH, UK 5? Uncles, R.J.; 1982J Residual currents in the Severn Estuary and their effects on dispersion. 403-410 Oceanologica acta 5 4j Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
hydrodynamics; modeling; severn; tidal; sediment dynamics; Depth averaged residual currents and associated water levels resulting from M sub(2) tidal oscillations in a numerical model of the Severn Estuary, UK, are presented. Current patterns are dominated by eddies. Residual currents produce enhanced transverse and axial dispersion by the mechanism of tidal "random walk". The axial dispersion coefficient due to residual current eddies is shown to be comparable to the observed long-term value for the seaward section of estuary considered, and is much greater than values which can be attributed to vertical shear in tidal and residual currents, or transverse shear in tidal currents. Transverse mixing due to tidal "random walk" is found to be much greater than that which can be attributed to other known mechanisms. Estuarine width is shown to be important in that it limits the size of horizontal eddies, and therefore controls the dispersion for given tidal and residual current speeds. 0399-1784 r Affiliation Nat. Environ. Res. Counc., Inst. Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK D? !
Kinno, H.; 1982\ A microcomputer program for design of the self retiming mechanics of large tidal power sitesF Fourth International Conference on Finite Elements in Water Resources Hannover (FRG)y Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
modeling; tidal power; information management; severn; comparative; sea-level; Technology; June It is very difficult to find a computer program in the papers of tidal power generation in spite of their year long research progress. In order to push the tidal power technology, the author presents a newly developed microcomputer program written in BASIC for design of the self retiming mechanics of large tidal power sites of which system structure and analysis used mathematical models was reported by Kinno (1981). The program can be used in range of Z greater than or equal to 5 m, in which famous tidal power sites such as Severn Estuary, La Rance and Fundy Bay at A8 and B9 are included. System similarity could be obtained when sea level, machine head and low pond area are shown by ratios to Z and A. s Porceedings edited by Holz, KP; Meissner, U; Zielke, W; Brebbia, CA; Pinder, G; Gray, W (eds)
ISBN 3540115226 D Affiliation Fac. Eng., Univ. Tokushima, Tokushima-shi 770, Japan ? m
Holland, S.C. 1982 Spartina of the Severn estuary 70-71; Watsonia: Journal and Proceedings of the Botanical Society 14 1q Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Biodiversity; baseline; ecology; spartina; vegetation; grass; Salt marsh; flora; A survey of the Spartina populations on both banks of the Severn in Gloucestershire and Avon was carried out by members of the Gloucestershire Naturalists' Society in August and September 1978. It is well known that Spartina was deliberately introduced into the Severn Estuary as a mud-binder to help combat coast erosion and that the first recorded plantings were in 1913 at Clevedon, Somerset. The survey revealed that S. anglica was found to be the dominant Spartina of the Severn Estuary. On the west bank it was recorded at all sites visited from Beachley to Westbury-on-Severn, and again at Upper Dumball, GR 32/746.107, where the saline conditions necessary for the existence of this grass probably reach their limit up the Severn. On the east bank it is abundant from Severn Beach to Sheperdine, Avon, and from Severn House Farm to Frampton Pill, Gloucestershire, with solitary clumps below Hock Cliff and to a point at GR 32/696.101 west of Church Road on the southern shore of the Arlingham peninsula. S. x townsendii has proved to be very much scarcer, occurring only on the lower stretches of the Severn. It usually grows on the higher parts of the salt marsh where the foreshore is more stabilized and where a salt marsh flora is becoming established. Recorded sites are given. 0043-1532 ; Affiliation 64 All Saints' Rd., Cheltenham, Gloucs., UK '? Uncles, R.J.; 1981| Numerical Simulation of the Vertical and Horizontal Msub(2) Tide in the Bristol Channel and Comparisons With Observed Data 571-577 Limnology & Oceanography 26 3 X Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
hydrodynamics; modeling; severn; tidal; A depth-averaged hydrodynamical numerical model is used to investigate the M sub(2) tide in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary - a large, partially enclosed, vertically mixed body of water having one of the largest tidal ranges in the world. The computed vertical M sub(2) tide is compared with observed data at 17 coastal stations and the computed tidal ellipses with observations at 30 current meter stations.
0024-3590 D Affiliation NERC Inst. Marine Environ. Res., Plymouth, Devon, UK ? Robinson, I.S.; 1981k Tidal Power From Wedge-Shaped Estuaries - An Analytical Model With Friction, Applied to the Bristol Channel 611-6265 Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 65 3 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; estuary; hydroelectric; modeling; technology; barrage; power station; The analytical wedge-shaped model of tidal propagation with friction described in an earlier paper which has complex Bessel function solutions, has been applied to the Bristol Channel with the introduction of a power-generating barrier. An analytical solution is possible for a linear flow condition at the barrier. The flow condition at the barrier is optimized to maximize the available power. If a phase lag is introduced between the water head and the flow at the barrier, significant increases in power are attainable. Variation of the upper end boundary condition indicates that closing off the upper Severn Estuary to tidal propagation would enable more power to be extracted at the barrage. Modification of the mouth boundary condition to take into account the response of the external sea to variations of flow across the mouth indicates a small reduction in available power. The model is intended as a simple indicator of the overall dynamics, rather than a prediction of the detailed response to the introduction of a barrier.
0016-8009 L Affiliation Dept. Oceanogr., Southampton Univ., Southampton, S09 5NH, UK z?
Parker, W.R.;
Kirby, R.; 1981 The Behaviour of Cohesive Sediment in the Inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary in Relation to Construction of the Severn Barrage Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; sediment; modeling; erosion; This report aims to review the available IOS (Taunton) data on the suspended fine sediment and related mud areas in the Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel. The objective of this review is to provide an improved basis for planning the research and monitoring exercises necessary to a full barrage feasibility study. The fundamental behaviour of fine sediment is outlined to provide a framework within which the data and phenomena specific to the area may be viewed. Fine sediment suspensions within the area are shown to have a tendency to develop layering. This is a basic behavioural characteristic, unrelated to salinity or topography, and leads to the development of mobile high-concentration suspensions and fluid mud. These layers are important in the overall estuarine dynamics as well as in the processes of fine sediment deposition, erosion and circulation. Predictive models must take their formation and their effects into consideration. Unpublished Manuscript _ Affiliation Institute of Oceanographical Sciences, Crossway, Taunton, Somerset, TA1 2DW, UK ? Evans, J.J.
Pugh, D.T. 1981D An Analysis of a Year of Sea-Level Data at Flat Holm, Severn Estuary Wormley, UK" Institute of Oceanograhic Scienceso Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Flat Holm; sea-level; renewable energy; barrage; Severn; Modeling; baseline; A year of sea-level data from Flat Holm has been analysed as part of the studies for a proposed Severn Barrage Scheme. Special techniques were developed to allow analysis of records which dried out for the lowest 2.8 m of the range. The annual modulation in the amplitude of the principal semi-diurnal lunar tide, M sub(2), was found to be significantly larger than that normally found around Britain, but comparison with analyses of data collected from Flat Holm in 1885 shows that there is no measureable secular change in M sub(2). X Affiliation Inst. Oceanogr., Sci., Bidston Observ., Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA, UK ~
? % McCalley, D.V.
Cooke, M.
Nickless, G. 1980' Coprostanol in Severn Estuary sediments 374-81 6 Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 25 3 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Cholestanol; analysis; Sewage; Contamination; baseline; water quality; pollutants; toxicity; 25th September 1980 0007-4861 ? Radford, PJ;
Joint, IR 1980M Application of an Ecosystem Model to the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 244-250 Water Pollution Control 79 2; Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions F Abstract It is argued that a successful ecosystem model can be presented as a deterministic network of processes driven by a mixture of deterministic and stochastic forcing functions and the structure of such a model of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (GEMBASE) is described in this paper. Cruises in the Bristol Channel provided data which were used as initial and boundary conditions in the model and as a verification of the simulation results. The simulation results of GEMBASE for 1973 to 1975 are realistic and in good agreement with the field data for that period. f Presented at: Institute of Water Pollution Control Annual Conference, Torquay, UK, Sept. 10-13, 1979 @ NERC, Institute of Marine Environmental Research, Plymouth, UK D? ! Radford, PJ;
Joint, IR 1979M Application of an Ecosystem Model to the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 6 Institute of Water Pollution Control Annual Conference Torquay; Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions 10-13 September 1979 F Abstract It is argued that a successful ecosystem model can be presented as a deterministic network of processes driven by a mixture of deterministic and stochastic forcing functions and the structure of such a model of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (GEMBASE) is described in this paper. Cruises in the Bristol Channel provided data which were used as initial and boundary conditions in the model and as a verification of the simulation results. The simulation results of GEMBASE for 1973 to 1975 are realistic and in good agreement with the field data for that period. L Paper published in Water Pollution Control vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 244-250. 1980@ NERC, Institute of Marine Environmental Research, Plymouth, UK y?
Kirby, R.
Parker, W.R. 19807 Settled Mud Deposits in Bridgwater Bay, Bristol Channel Wormley, UK> Institute of Oceanographical Sciences, Taunton, Somerset, UK t Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
sediment dynamics; sediment transport; tss; severn; bristol channel; sediment budget; Comprehensive seismic surveys in Bridgwater Bay has provided detailed mapping of the settled mud area. The relationship between the settled mud and overlying cohesive sediment behaviour and circulation, has proved that this Bay acts as both a source and a sink for fine sediment suspended in the estuary. But, as yet it is not possible to assess the role of Bridgwater Bay settled mud area in the overall sediment budget of the Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel. Unpublished manuscriptV Affiliation Institute of Oceanographical Sciences, Crossway, Taunton, Somerset, UK 2? Shaw, T.L.; 19800 Physics of water movements in the Severn Estuary
Shaw, T.L.; Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
tidal; barrage; sewage; Severn; hydrodynamics; sediment dynamics; tidal power; wave; impact; environmental impact; renewable energy; In the present chapter, the water regime before and after construciton of a tidal barrage is considered. Not only tide levels but also currents, circulation patterns, salinity distribution, river discharges, marine outfalls, sediments and waves have to be investigated for the way in which their patterns of movement throughout the tidal cycle, and from cycle to cycle, may change when the fundamental driving force, the tidal wave, is locally modified. 0273084631 9 Affiliation Rock Cottage, Blagdon, Bristol BS18 6TW, UK ? Miles, G.V.;
Webb, D.G. 1980/ Influence of Severn Barrage on the tidal regime 2400 Environmental Appraisal of Tidal Power Stations Shaw, T.L.; Pitman Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
environmental impact; tidal power; barrage; technology; renewable energy; SEVERN; Bristol channel; modeling; hydrodymanics; impact; In 1976 the Hydraulics Research Station (HRS) Wallingford was commissioned to examine the influence of some proposed barrage schemes on tidal levels and currents both near the barrages and further seaward in the Bristol Channel. The results of the study are reported briefly. 0273084631 D Affiliation Hydraulics Res. Stn., Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BA, UK >?
Tinkler, J.A. 1980 Drainage and land quality 2400 Environmental Appraisal of Tidal Power Stations Shaw, T.L Pitman Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
drainage; renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; environmental impact; impact; comparative; barrage; feasibility study; The low-lying, flat areas beside the Severn Estuary are at present difficult to drain properly and suffer from flooding periodically. These are the areas whose drainage is likely to be affected by a Severn Barrage. The present paper refers to observations which involve two-basin systems that will in general terms result in raised levels in the Estuary for much of the time as compared with the present natural tides.
0273084631V Affiliation Wessex Water Authority, Wessex House, Passage St., Bristol BS2 0JQ, UK
? Shaw, T.L 1975~ An environmental appraisal of the Severn Barrage: Tides, currents and waves. A Collection of 12 essays by different authors. x Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; barrage; tidal power; environmental impact; Technology; hydrodynamics; October In this chapter of the report, the water regime before and after construction of a tidal Barrage is considered. Not only tide levels but also currents, circulation patterns, salinity distributions, river discharges, marine outfalls, sediments and waves have to be investigated for the way their patterns of movement throughout the tidal cycle, and from cycle to cycle, my change when the fundamental driving force, the tidal wave, is locally modified. The extent of change in the water regime relates to the way in which energy is generated. In order to make an inteructive environmental appraisal, it has been necessary to make assumptions regarding a preferred site for the Barrage, and the way in which its turbine machinery would operate. Opinion now fervors siting the main embankment in the region of a line from Cardiff to Weston-super- Mare. Conclusions reached here indicate that, on balance, the Barrage would not adversely influence the water movements in the Estuary. The principal uncertainty concerns pollution, although the effect of the Barrange would probably be to highlight already existing problems rather than create new ones. A principal casualty of the Barrage would be the Seven bore. Without the tidal surge up the Estuary, this would no longer be formed. K Chapter 1 of whole report. Records keyed from 1976 ASFA printed journals. a Affiliation University of Bristol, Department of Civil Engineering, Bristol BS8 1TR, Avon, UK s? Mettam, C.; 1980 The intertidal ecosystem 2400 Environmental Appraisal of Tidal Power Stations Shaw, T.L.; Pitman Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; SEVERN; Bristol channel; intertidal; environmental impact; impact; technology; barrage; ecosystem; The Severn Estuary intertidal regime is particularly extensive not only because of the increased vertical range of the tides within the estuary but also because the ebb tide exposes a vast horizontal area, mostly consisting of unstable sediments. The construction of a barrage which alters the regime of tidal movements will therefore have an immediate and direct effect upon the intertidal ecosystem. It is obviously important to be able to predict the biological response to such changes and to assess their ecological significance because, if they are sufficiently important, the predicted ecological consequences would have to taken into account in the design and operation of any barrage system.
0273084631j Affiliation Department of Zoology University College, Cardiff, P.O. Box 78, Cardiff CF1 1XL, Wales, UK ? Shaw, T.L 1980/ Environmental Appraisal of Tidal Power Stations 240 Shaw, T.L Pitman Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; environmental impact; impact; comparative; barrage; feasibility study;
0273084631 ?
Kirby, R.
Parker, W.R. 1975^ Sediment dynamics in the Severn Estuary: A background for studies of the effects of a barrage. Chapter 2b An environmental appraisal of the Severn Barrage. A collection of 12 essays by different authors. Shaw, T.L Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
severn; sediment dynamics; barrage; sediment; impact; renewable energy; modeling; The Severn Estuary contains large quantities of mobile and potentially mobile sediments and building a Barrage would have a fundamental effect on the stability and distribution of these. However, to determine such effects would require an extensive investigation and all that can be attempted here is a summary of our knowledge of the present regime together with some thoughts on the possible effects upon the sediments that need to be evaluated before such a scheme could go forward. Discussion is given here on the behaviour of fine sediment, volumes of mobile fine sediment, and the possible influence of a Barrage on sedimentation. There is a quasi-equilibrium relationship between the noater circulation and the associated sediment behaviour in the Esturay. Any major changes to the water circulation patterns or energy levels will have a fundamental effect on fine sediment circulation and on its stability. There may be of the order to 10 million tonnes of mobile fine sediment in the reaches between The Shoots and 3{degree}20'W which might be largely deposited if the energy levels were significantly decreased in the vulnerable areas. Such deposition as might occur would be concentrated in the channels and shallow marginal areas. K Chapter 2 of whole report. Records keyed from 1976 ASFA printed journals. .?
Tinkler, J.A.; 1975K An environmental appraisal of the Severn Barrage: Drainage and land quality Chapter 3b An environmental appraisal of the Severn Barrage. A collection of 12 essays by different authors. Shaw, T.L Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
drainage; renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; environmental impact; impact; comparative; barrage; feasibility study; It is the low-lying, flat areas beside the Severn Estuary whose drainage is likely to be affected by a Severn Barrage. Tide curves for the part of the Estuary near Weston are given, showing tides both at present and after construction of the Barrage. Comparison shows that the top level reached is no higher than existing high water springs, but that the level in the basin at all other times is higher than without the Barrage, especially at low tide. It is this lack of periods of low water which will mean that the present systems for draining the lowlands will be unable to work effectively. In addition, levels in the drainage channels will be raised such that the water table will be too near the surface, causing crops to suffer. A suitable system of pumping is outlined to alleviate this. Other effects of the Barrage will include increased strain on sea defence walls and embankments, inability to carry out maintenance repairs on structures at present exposed at low tides, and siltation by river-borne alluvium. K Chapter 3 of whole report. Record[ :l?
) Institute of Oceanographic Studies (IOS), 1975 RV Edward Forbes cruise 5/75, 2 April - 14 April 1975. Investigation of turbidity structures in the Severn estuary and upper Bristol Channel Taunton, UK& Institute of Oceanographical Sciences Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; edward forbes cruise; SEVERN; edward forbes cruise; Vertical profiles and horizontal traverses of turbidity were obtained by repeat visits to approximately 100 standard stations established on cross-sections of the Severn. Vertical profiles were measured to investigate the nature and variations of the structure of fine sediment suspensions in estuaries. The horizontal traverses provide information on changes in suspended solids on a regional basis at shallow depth and together with the vertical profiles allow the changes in the three dimensional distribution of turbidity on both a semi-diurnal and on a Neap-Spring timescale to be investigated. Recorded turbidity profiles were complex and showed wise variations on both timescales.
Notes Map. Records key}S c?
) Institute of Oceanographic Studies (IOS), 1975 RV Edward Forbes cruise 7/75, 1 May - 12 May 1975. Investigation of turbidity structures in the Severn estuary and upper Bristol Channel 7/75 Taunton, UK& Institute of Oceanographical Sciences Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; edward forbes cruise; SEVERN; edward forbes cruise; Vertical profiles and horizontal traverses of turbidity were obtained by repeat visits to {approx}100 standard stations established on cross sections of the Severn. The vertical profiles were measured to investigate the nature and variations of the structure of fine sediment suspensions in estuaries. The horizontal traverses provided information on changes in suspended solids on a regional basis at shallow depth and together with the vertical profiles allow the changes in the 3 dimensional distribution of turbidity on both a semidiurnal and on a Neap-Spring timescale to be investigated. Recorded turbidity profiles were complex and showed wide variations on both timescales.
Notes Map. RecordD? ! Parker, WR;
Kirby, R; 1973? Studies of fluid mud in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel Joint Meeting of the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology Symposium on Estuaries, (jointly with the Estuarine and Brackishwater Sciences Association) Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Erosion and flooding; sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; sediment; modeling;
4-6 September/ Sediment sampling in the Bristol Channel has revealed that the 2 echoes, recorded on echo-sounding equipment over mud reaches, correspond to a layer of fine sediment overlaying the sea bed. It was found that fluid muds produced 'transparent' horizons between reflectors whereas non-fluid muds produced strongly banded records. Mud pools are described as an important stage in the fine sediment dynamics of the estuary. Transducers have been used to study the field structure of muds. The stability of fluid mud pools was found to be related to tidal energy. V Published in Proceedings of the Challenger Society Vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 260-261. 1975. N Affiliation Institution of Oceanographical Sciences, Taunton, Somerset, UK }? Parker, W.R.;
Kirby, R.; 1975? Studies of fluid mud in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel 260-261& Proceedings of the Challenger Society 4 6 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Erosion and flooding; sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; sediment; modeling; / Sediment sampling in the Bristol Channel has revealed that the 2 echoes, recorded on echo-sounding equipment over mud reaches, correspond to a layer of fine sediment overlaying the sea bed. It was found that fluid muds produced 'transparent' horizons between reflectors whereas non-fluid muds produced strongly banded records. Mud pools are described as an important stage in the fine sediment dynamics of the estuary. Transducers have been used to study the field structure of muds. The stability of fluid mud pools was found to be related to tidal energy. Presented at the Joint Meeting of the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology Symposium on Estuaries, (jointly with the Estuarine and Brackishwater Sciences Association)N Affiliation Institution of Oceanographical Sciences, Taunton, Somerset, UK \? Chester, R.
Stoner, J.H. 1975O Trace elements in sediments from the lower Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel 92-95 Marine Pollution Bulletin 6 6 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
sediment quality; trace metals;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn; pollen samples;
contamination;
baseline; Sediments are very important as trace element traps, particularly in estuaries and high levels of heavy metals have previously been reported in sediments in the Severn estuary and parts of the Bristol Channel. In this paper the conc and distribution of 13 elements are reported. The concs of Sn, Zn and Pb, in particular, may have ecological consequences and should be viewed with some concern. J Affiliation Department of Oceanography, The University of Liverpool, UK
? Longhurst, A.R.; 1975+ An ecological study of the Bristol Channel. 272% Proceedings of the Challenger Society 4 6 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Biodiversity; baseline; modelling; biomass; infauna; benthic ecology; macrofauna; ecology; fish; invertebrates; birds; Bristol Channel; The Bristol Channel-Severn Estuary programme of the Institute for Marine Environmental Research was reviewed; it was explained that this was an effort by a multi-disciplinary group of ecologists to describe the major features of the ecosystems of this region by means of quantitative simulation models. Computer studies were carried out on the main forcing functions and variables of the system over a 3 yr period. IMER, Plymouth, UK !? Davies, C.M.; 19740 Location of spoil grounds in sedimentary systems 120-124 Dock & Harbour Authority 55 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Aggregates; spoil; dumping grounds; sediment dynamics; sedimentary systems; sediment; sediment budgets; Legislation; licensing; bristol channel; dredging; industry; environmental impact; impact;e This paper considers the effects of dumping large quantities of dredged sediment on the sedimentary processes that take place in the marine environment, with regard to the Bristol Channel. For the purpose of the paper the Bristol Channel is divided spatially into 3 sedimentary systems - the Central Bristol Channel system, the Greater Swansea Bay system, and the Severn Estuary system. The sedimentary systems of each of these sections of the Bristol Channel is described. Sedimentary budgets are controlled by 2 natural agencies - tidal kinetics and aperiodic kinetics related to meteorological conditions. Removals of sediment by man are aperiodic elements in a sedimentary system. Some legislative background is given to the licensing of spoil grounds. The optimum location of spoil grounds is discussed, and the Bristol channel spoil grounds described in detail. 0012-4419 1 Affiliation UWIST, Dep.Mar.Stud., Cardiff, UK ? Boyden, C.R.
Little, C. 1973< Faunal distributions in Soft Sediments of the Severn Estuary 203-223% Estuarine Coastal and Marine Science 1 3 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; diet; biomass; food web; infauna; benthic ecology; sediment; environmental assessment; contamination; sewage; Shoreline; estuary; The pattern of the infauna on particulate shores of the southern coast of the Severn Estuary has been examined. Although mud predominates as the major beach substratum within the Estuary, sand beaches occur in both the lower and upper reaches. Liquid mud is found at l.w. in the middle reaches. Suitability of substratum is shown to be the most important factor influencing animal distribution. The number of infaunal spp found in this survey did not increase markedly towards the mouth, in contrast to the pattern displayed by rocky shore animals. Several spp were rare or absent on mud beaches close to the entrance of the River Avon and the possibility that sewage contamination is responsible for this is discussed. k Affiliation Imperial College of Applied Geochemical Research Group, Department of Geology London SW7 UK ? Gardner, D.;
Riley, J.P.; 1973O The distribution of dissolved mercury in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 191-192& Estuarine, Coastal and Marine Science 1 2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; mercury;
sediment quality; water quality;
pollutants;
Severn; contamination; baseline; Data are presented for the concentration of dissolved and particulate mercury in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. The distribution of both forms of the element are consistent with the water circulation pattern. P Affiliation Department of Oceanography, Univ. Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK ? 2 Albone, E.S.
Eglinton, G.
Evans, N.C.
Hunter, J.M. 1972* Fate of DDT in Severn Estuary sediments. 914-919# Environmental Science & Technology 6 10 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
water quality;
DDT;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn;
Hazardous substances; ! The functions of estuarine sediments as pollutant sink and as pollutant bank are assessed in relation to the fate of DDT in the environment. DDT was degraded more slowly when incorporated in situ in Severn estuary sediments than when incubated in sediment samples maintained under hydrogen in the laboratory. These transformation are compared with the more extensive degradation of DDT on incubation in anaerobic sewage sludge. In all incubations, metabolities included p,p'-DDT. The wider application of the techniques developed is discussed. 0013-936X C Org. Geochem. Unit, Sch. Chem., Univ. Bristol Bristol, BS8 1TS UK
Proceedings of the Severn Barrage Seminar, September 7, 1977:
Energy Paper 27 Londony Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Department of Energy; renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; SEVERN; energy policy; barrage; The complete transcript of the Severn Barrage Seminar, held under the chairmanship of the Secretary of State for Energy, are presented. Written submissions were invited on topics not fully covered at the meeting. . Report of proceedings; written contributions D?% ! Parker, R.;
Kirby, R. 1978^ Cohesive sediment dynamics and sedimentation in the Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel : Third meeting of Geological Societies of the British Isles
Swansea UK Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Erosion and flooding; sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; geology; sediment; stratigraphy; modeling; erosion; tss; benthic ecology; 23 September 1977 Within the estuarine turbidity maximum, fine sediment occurs as either mobile or static suspensions, and as settled mud. Mobile suspensions show complex time and space dependent structures, often characterised by the development of ephemeral dense layers near the estuary bed. These dense mobile suspensions evolve during the spring to neap cycle to form static suspensions, which may be acoustically detectable. In their turn, the static suspensions may consolidate to form settled mud. In the Severn, a well mixed estuary, the development of mobile dense suspensions plays an important role in the fine sediment dynamics of the region. In Bridgwater Bay, a large area of mud substrate, regions of nett deposition, stability and nett erosion have been identified. Areas of rapid sedimentation are associated with the development of dense static suspensions. The occurrence of dense mobile and static suspensions places high ecological stresses on the benthic communities which might exist in the region. 6 Journal of the Geological Society of London 135(4) 468?& Parker, R.
Kirby, R. 1978^ Cohesive sediment dynamics and sedimentation in the Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel 468+ Journal of the Geological Society of London 135 4 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Erosion and flooding; sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; geology; sediment; stratigraphy; modeling; erosion; tss; benthic ecology; Within the estuarine turbidity maximum, fine sediment occurs as either mobile or static suspensions, and as settled mud. Mobile suspensions show complex time and space dependent structures, often characterised by the development of ephemeral dense layers near the estuary bed. These dense mobile suspensions evolve during the spring to neap cycle to form static suspensions, which may be acoustically detectable. In their turn, the static suspensions may consolidate to form settled mud. In the Severn, a well mixed estuary, the development of mobile dense suspensions plays an important role in the fine sediment dynamics of the region. In Bridgwater Bay, a large area of mud substrate, regions of nett deposition, stability and nett erosion have been identified. Areas of rapid sedimentation are associated with the development of dense static suspensions. The occurrence of dense mobile and static suspensions places high ecological stresses on the benthic communities which might exist in the region. e Presented at: Third meeting of Geological Societies of the British Isles, Swansea (UK), 23 Sep 1977 ?' ! Clifton, R.J.;
Hamilton, E.I.; 1979W Lead-210 chronology in relation to levels of elements in dated sediment core profiles 259-269$ Estuarine Coastal and Marine Science 8 3 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
dating techniques; estuary; comparative; severn; lead; heavy metals; pollutants; environmental assessment; baseline; contamination; sediment quality; industry; radioactivity; This paper describes the use of SUP-210 Pb-SUP-210 Po chronology to determine sedimentation rates in the Severn (Swansea Bay, Bridgwater Bay, Newport Deep) and Tamar Estuaries of the United Kingdom. Samples taken from Swansea Bay and the Tamar show a significant decrease in the specific radioactivity of SUP-210 Pb with depth while samples from Newport Deep and Bridgwater Bay did not show this feature _ instead the SUP-210 Pb activity tended to be constant. Attempts are made to confirm the derived sedimentation rates using other data, such as lead isotopic compositions and the industrial history of the areas. These have been partially successful, but there is still a need for an unequivocal means of confirmation. i Affiliation National environmental Research Council, IMER. Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, UK
j?( ? Hamilton, E.I.;
Watson, P.G.;
Cleary, J.J.;
Clifton, R.J.; 1979S The geochemistry of Recent sediments of the Bristol Channel-Severn Estuary System 139-182 Marine Geology 31 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
sediments; sediment composition; tss; geochemistry; severn; industry; contamination; Multi-element distributions are described for sediments and particulate materials suspended in the water column which are representative of the British Channel-Severn Estuary System, UK. The overall geochemistry of bottom-deposited sediments is very similar to that found for mean crustal rocks and reflects the locally available sediments which contain large amounts of well-mixed glacio-fluvial deposits of Pleistocene age. A significant enrichment in some elements, for example Li, B, C, N, F, Zn, Br, I and Pb, was observed for suspended particulates, while an enrichment in other elements, such as As and Sn, may also occur. The highest levels of enrichment were found in materials containing a large proportion of ferruginous floc enclosing finely divided clay debris. The observed enrichments may be partly due to natural processes which give rise to sedimentary debris having very large surface areas suitable for the absorption of elements, but also because of the proximity of an extensive coal field which is a source of a considerable amount of mineral debris, together with waste products from various industrial processes common to the area. The upper reaches of the system contain extensive silt and mud banks and about 5 cm below the surface of these sediments anaerobic conditions exist. As a result of tidal movements, supplemented by storm disturbances, anaerobic pore liquids are released providing a significant flux of elements to the overylying water column. Elements such as iron and zinc, released from pore liquids can be detected in near-bottom waters of the system. Following release of elements and compounds from bottom waters, subsequent removal through flocculation processes occurs of which the iron system is of particular importance. An examination of the aeolian flux, for some selected elements, is discussed and it is shown that relative to inputs of Pb, Cr, Ni and Cu from rivers and sewage dumping, aerial inputs may be significant. The exceptionally high tidal energy of the system would appear to demand thorough mixing of constituents in the water column, yet evidence is presented to show some degree of chemical stratification which may also be relevant to suspended materials. A Affiliation IMER Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, UK mG?) Radford,P.J. 1979[ The role of a General Ecosystem Model of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (GEMBASE) 40-46" Tidal power and estuary management1 Severn,R.T.;
Dineley,D.L.;
Hawker,L.E. (eds.) Bristol (UK) Scientechnica No. 30; Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions < As water quality management models incorporate more and more chemical variables and attempt to simulate nutrients and dissolved oxygen, it becomes necessary o introduce biological processes, if realistic results are to be obtained. Eclogical interactions are so dominant in most estuarine systems that it is often impossible to model one aspect without resorting to a holistic approach. Adequat ecosystem models must be supported by hydrodynamic sub-models although of necessity these will probably need to be empirical summaries derived from more detailed numerical models. Holistic models demand the skills of multi-disciplinary teams including representatives from biological disciplines who often are not too familiar with numerical methods; therefore the modelling techniques employed must facilitate an understanding of the mathematical procedures adopted. Adequate data bases should be prepared to quantify the parameters of the model and to test the output from simulation runs. Such models will increase our understanding of ecological processes and enable us to perform experiments on the models which would be impractical in the real world. It is unrealistic to expect holistic models to predict precise results of modifications to ecosystems, but simulations will give insight into the overall changes which might be expected. Colston Paperss Presented at: Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978 ISBN 0-85608-023-3 B Affiliation IMER, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK oD?* ! Radford,P.J. 1979[ The role of a General Ecosystem Model of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (GEMBASE) c Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978# University of Bristol, Bristol (UK); Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions < As water quality management models incorporate more and more chemical variables and attempt to simulate nutrients and dissolved oxygen, it becomes necessary o introduce biological processes, if realistic results are to be obtained. Eclogical interactions are so dominant in most estuarine systems that it is often impossible to model one aspect without resorting to a holistic approach. Adequat ecosystem models must be supported by hydrodynamic sub-models although of necessity these will probably need to be empirical summaries derived from more detailed numerical models. Holistic models demand the skills of multi-disciplinary teams including representatives from biological disciplines who often are not too familiar with numerical methods; therefore the modelling techniques employed must facilitate an understanding of the mathematical procedures adopted. Adequate data bases should be prepared to quantify the parameters of the model and to test the output from simulation runs. Such models will increase our understanding of ecological processes and enable us to perform experiments on the models which would be impractical in the real world. It is unrealistic to expect holistic models to predict precise results of modifications to ecosystems, but simulations will give insight into the overall changes which might be expected. Published in Severn,R.T.; Dineley,D.L.; Hawker,L.E. (eds.) Tidal power and estuary management pges 40-46 published by Scientechnica ISBN 0-85608-023-3 B Affiliation IMER, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
ۜD?, ! ) Afran, A.;
Khalily, H.;
Nickless, G.; 1979C Distribution of trace metals in sediments from the Severn Estuary c Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978# University of Bristol, Bristol (UK) Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
sediment quality;
trace metals;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn;
coal;
heavy metals;; Abstract Analysis of various particle size fractions of sediment taken from several sites along the Severn estuary shows that the level of trace metals increases with decreasing particle size. Relatively high concentrations of zinc, cadmium, copper and lead were found in the coal particles which appeared (in small quantities) in the range of fractions greater than 100 micrometres in size. From the results obtained surface adsorption appears to be an important phenomenon in the trace metal retention within Severn estuary sediments. If larger quantities of these sediments are allowed to settle out within the estuary then there is the potential danger of heavy metals being recycled back into the water column via the various biological, chemical, and physical processes which occur within such brackish water systems. Published in Severn, R.T.; Dineley,D.L.; Hawker,L.E. (eds.) Tidal power and estuary management pp257-263 published by Scientechnica ISBN 0-85608-023-3 \ Affiliation Department of Inorganic Chemistry. University of Bristol, Bristol, BS&G?- Miles,G.V. 1979% Estuarine modelling-Bristol Channel 76-84" Tidal power and estuary management, Severn, R.T.
Dineley, D.L.
Hawker, L.E. Bristol (UK) Scientechnica No. 30 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal A The United Kingdom has in the Severn Estuary one of the most suitable tidal power sites in the world. The tidal range is high, the volume of water flow is very large and the shape of the estuary limits the length of enginering works necessary to form a barrage. This paper examines the influence of tidal power schemes on tide levels and currents both near the barrage and generally in the Bristol Channel. The tests were carried out using two numerical models, one of the Bristol Channel itself and the other, using a coarser grid, covered the Irish Sea, the English Channel and the South West Approaches as well as the Bristol Channel. The role of the larger model was to study the extent of the influence of the barrage and to establish the tidal conditions at the mouth of the Bristol Channel both with and without the barrage. Colston Paperss Presented at: Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978 ISBN 0-85608-023-3 N Affiliation Hydraulic Research Stn., Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, UK D?. ! Miles, G.V. 1979% Estuarine modelling-Bristol Channel c Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978# University of Bristol, Bristol (UK) Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal Published in Severn,R.T.; Dineley,D.L.; Hawker,L.E. (eds.) Tidal power and estuary management p. 76-84 published by Scientechnica ISBN 0-85608-023-3 I Affiliation Hydraul. Res. Stn., Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, UK < G?/ Hamilton, D. 1979H The high energy, sand and mud regime of the Severn Estuary, S.W. Britain 162-172" Tidal power and estuary management* Severn, R.T.
Dineley, D.L.
Hawker, L.E. Bristol (UK) Scientechnica No. 30v Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediments; tidal; sediment dynamics; sediment composition; turbidity; The mobile sediments in the high energy tidal system in the Severn Estuary are sands and muds. Particular attention is paid to the sediment populations of the sand bodies. In the Lower Severn Estuary the medial sand bank have extensive sand waves, which are formed by a low flow regime. In contrast, the sand flats in the Upper Severn Estuary, upstream from The Shoots, are planar and are formed by a high flow regime. The clean sands of these sand bodies are very well sorted and there is a progressive decrease upstream in median diameter of the sand populations. However, all sand populations are close to the size that are most easily entrained. Measurement of velocity profiles in the turbulent boundary layer confirms the presence of a logarithmic profile. Speeds at one metre height, USUB-100 , of 3.32 m sSUP-1 were recorded over the sand flats at Sheperdine Sands, with lower speeds in the Lower Severn Estuary. Such currents induce excessive shear velocities and cause suspension of fine sands and mud. Resuspension on flood tides is aided by the very extensive erosion of exposed sand banks in the lower Severn Estuary. Considerable volumes of dispersed sediment are returned to the main channels and 'bursting' is common as initial flood flows produce fluid suspensions. Colston Paperss Presented at: Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978 0-85608-023-3 - Dep. Geol., Univ. Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR VD?0 !
Hamilton, D.; 1979H The high energy, sand and mud regime of the Severn Estuary, S.W. Britainc Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978# University of Bristol, Bristol (UK)v Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediments; tidal; sediment dynamics; sediment composition; turbidity; The mobile sediments in the high energy tidal system in the Severn Estuary are sands and muds. Particular attention is paid to the sediment populations of the sand bodies. In the Lower Severn Estuary the medial sand bank have extensive sand waves, which are formed by a low flow regime. In contrast, the sand flats in the Upper Severn Estuary, upstream from The Shoots, are planar and are formed by a high flow regime. The clean sands of these sand bodies are very well sorted and there is a progressive decrease upstream in median diameter of the sand populations. However, all sand populations are close to the size that are most easily entrained. Measurement of velocity profiles in the turbulent boundary layer confirms the presence of a logarithmic profile. Speeds at one metre height, USUB-100 , of 3.32 m sSUP-1 were recorded over the sand flats at Sheperdine Sands, with lower speeds in the Lower Severn Estuary. Such currents induce excessive shear velocities and cause suspension of fine sands and mud. Resuspension on flood tides is aided by the very extensive erosion of exposed sand banks in the lower Severn Estuary. Considerable volumes of dispersed sediment are returned to the main channels and 'bursting' is common as initial flood flows produce fluid suspensions. Published in Severn,R.T.; Dineley,D.L.; Hawker,L.E. (eds.) Tidal power and estuary management pp162-172 published by Scientechnica ISBN 0-85608-023-3 ; Affiliation Dep. Geol., Univ. Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR G?2
Hawkins, A.B. 1979? Estuary evolution with special emphasis on the Severn Estuary 151-161" Tidal power and estuary management* Severn, R.T.
Dineley ,D.L.
Hawker, L.E. Bristol (UK) Scientechnica No. 30h Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
estuary; evolution; Quarternary; sea-level; eustacy; coastal defence; The two most important criteria in defining an estuary are the water mas salinity and the morphological constriction. These influence tidal range, water velocities, circulation patterns, sediment type and biology. Quaternary climatic changes have resulted in periods of low base level with consequent river and ice incision and periods of high sea level during which trangressive seas caused sediment accretion in most coastal embayments. Probably over three quarters of the coastlines of the world's estuaries consist of deposits of Flandrian age. The Pre-Roman time scale is such that a height/age graph can be produced. The limited period of tide gauge records, however, indicate that at present sea level is rising faster than was average during the post-Roman period. The rates of sediment accretion roughly kept pace with the rise in sea level. Declining eustatic rates and the construction of sea defences have restricted tidal inundations. A a result of estuaries approaching a sea level/sediment height equilibrium, there is a reduction in sediment accretion rate, except where induced by such plants as Spartina anglica . Locally erosion cliffs develop along the saltings. The orientation and aspect of these intertidal cliffs indicate that they occur both in relation to flood and to ebb dominated water flows. Variation in local conditions results in rapid erosion or accretion. The constantly changing tidal flows and river discharges modify water mass circulation patterns and result in modifications to the sandbank and channel morphology. Although estuaries are reaching equilibrium the water flow variations mean that estuaries will remain dynamic systems. Colston Paperss Presented at: Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978 0-85608-023-3 b Affiliation Dep. Geol., Univ. Bristol, Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
D?3 !
Hawkins, A.B. 1979? Estuary evolution with special emphasis on the Severn Estuary c Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978# University of Bristol, Bristol (UK)v Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change
estuary; evolution; Flandrian; sea-level; eustacy; coastal defence; The two most important criteria in defining an estuary are the water mas salinity and the morphological constriction. These influence tidal range, water velocities, circulation patterns, sediment type and biology. Quaternary climatic changes have resulted in periods of low base level with consequent river and ice incision and periods of high sea level during which trangressive seas caused sediment accretion in most coastal embayments. Probably over three quarters of the coastlines of the world's estuaries consist of deposits of Flandrian age. The Pre-Roman time scale is such that a height/age graph can be produced. The limited period of tide gauge records, however, indicate that at present sea level is rising faster than was average during the post-Roman period. The rates of sediment accretion roughly kept pace with the rise in sea level. Declining eustatic rates and the construction of sea defences have restricted tidal inundations. A a result of estuaries approaching a sea level/sediment height equilibrium, there is a reduction in sediment accretion rate, except where induced by such plants as Spartina anglica . Locally erosion cliffs develop along the saltings. The orientation and aspect of these intertidal cliffs indicate that they occur both in relation to flood and to ebb dominated water flows. Variation in local conditions results in rapid erosion or accretion. The constantly changing tidal flows and river discharges modify water mass circulation patterns and result in modifications to the sandbank and channel morphology. Although estuaries are reaching equilibrium the water flow variations mean that estuaries will remain dynamic systems. Published in Severn,R.T.; Dineley,D.L.; Hawker,L.E. (eds.) Tidal power and estuary management pp 151-161 published by Scientechnica ISBN 0-85608-023-3 T Dep. Geol., Univ. Bristol, Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK c
G?4 Hoare, A.G.
Haggett, P. 1979@ Tidal power and estuary management, a geographical perspective 14-25" Tidal power and estuary management' Severn, R.T.
Dineley, D.L.
Hawker, L.E. Bristol (UK) Scientechnica No. 30 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
tidal power; renewable energy; hydrodynamics; tidal; barrage; severn; environmental impact; power station; This introductory paper discusses three major questions: First, what are the main regions around the world with potential for tidal power and what factors govern their location? Secondly: which of these have been investigated or exploited and what differentiates these locations in terms of supply and demand? Thirdly: the environmental management problems raised by tidal power production. The Severn Estuary is used as a case study and try to see how it fits into the global picture in terms of both its potential and its problems. Colston Paperss Presented at: Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978 0-85608-023-3 0 Dep. Geogr., Univ. Bristol,Bristol BS8 1SS, UK 9 .(USA), 28 Jul 1985 0160-8347/ Affiliation Univ. Wa@?5 ! k Hoare, A.G.
Haggett, P. 1979@ Tidal power and estuary management, a geographical perspective c Thirteenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, University of Bristol, Bristol (UK), Apr 1978# University of Bristol, Bristol (UK) Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
tidal power; renewable energy; hydrodynamics; tidal; barrage; severn; environmental impact; power station; This introductory paper discusses three major questins: First, what are the main regions around the world with potential for tidal power and what factors govern their location? Secondly: which of these have been investigated or exploited and what differentiates these locations in terms of supply and demand? Thirdly: the environmental management problems raised by tidal power production. The Severn Estuary is used as a case study and try to see how it fits into the global picture in terms of both its potential and its problems. Published in Severn, R.T.; Dineley,D.L.; Hawker,L.E. (eds.) Tidal power and estuary management pp14-25 published by Scientechnica ISBN 0-85608-023-3 E Department of Geography, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK |?6 Mettam, C.
Kusakin (ed),O.G. 1979; Faunal changes in the Severn Estuary over several decades 133 -136 Marine Pollution Bulletin 10 5 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
invertebrates; fish; birds; biodiversity; estuary; Macrofauna; fauna; environmental assessment; climate change; abundance; distribution; U Faunistic records for the Severn Estuary do not indicate a reduction in the overall number of species over the last 30 years. Some species have not been recorded recently and changes in abundance and distribution of others have occurred, but none of these changes can confidently be associated with any long-term change in the environment. ? b?9 Culver, S.J. 1980X Differential two-way sediment transport in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, U.K M39-M43 Marine Geology 34 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment transport; sediment dynamics; erosion; paleoenvironments; Bristol channel; severn; sediment budgets; The main sediment transport paths in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary are briefly described; coarse sediment is transported in a generally westward direction and fine sediment in a generally eastward direction. The concept of differential two-way sediment transport is introduced and applied to the modern Bristol Channel area. This phenomenon is considered to be of significance in interpreting ancient sediment transport patterns and shelf configurations.
M Affiliation Dep. Paleobiol., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560, USA 0iated with climate ch9?: Mettam, C.;
Malovitsky, Y.P. 1979F Stratification of water in the Severn Estuary: photographic evidence 99-103* Proceedings of the Bristol Nature Society 37v Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
turbidity; tss; stratification; water; estuary; svern; hydrodynamics; The different salinity regimes experienced by opposite shores of the Severn Estuary during a tidal cycle are clear evidence of lateral differences. Observations are supported by photographic evidence. Infra-red aerial photographs showed very distinct patterns of turbid and relatively clear water in the estuary; using a stereoscope it was even possible to discern submerged countours and to follow the progress of streams of water as they travelled through the estuary. Towards low water on the ebb tide, discrete streams are visible and distinguished on infra-red film by differences in their turbidity. These streams may account for much of the apparent stratification of water masses in the estuary. D Affiliation Department of Zoology, University College, Cardiff, UK n7 t?; / Uncles, R.J.;
Jordan, M.B.;
Harris (ed.), C.J.; 1980i A one-dimensional representation of residual currents in the Severn Estuary and associated observations 39-60$ Estuarine Coastal and Marine Science 10 1c Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
hydrodynamics; modeling; severn; tidal; chemistry; A one-dimensional hydrodynamical model is used to describe the cross-sectionally averaged Stokes drift and Eulerian residual currents in a section of the Severn Estuary between Porthcawl and Sharpness. Residual variables are computed for periodic MSUB-2 tides, and as functions of time during simulated spring-neap cycles. The results for periodic MSUB-2 tides show that the landward directed Stokes drift has a spatially averaged value of 3.5 cm sSUP--1 in the Severn Estuary, which is balanced by seaward flowing Eulerian residual currents. The residual setup of water is determined by the magnitudes of the axial density gradients and friction, with the friction dominating for typical salinity distributions; the landward flow of water due to the Stokes drift contributes to the set-up, which drives the seaward residual currents against the opposing frictional forces. The magnitude of the Stokes drift is determined by the estuary's geometry, the strength of the tidal streams and the friction. The frictional dissipation in the Severn Estuary, which amounts to 3 x 10SUP-9 watts for MSUB-2 tides is balanced by a landward residual flow of energy across the mouth, which is nearly proportional to the Stokes drift at the mouth. The axial residual currents and Stokes drift have maximum and minimum speeds at spring and neap tides respectively. The neap to spring part of the tidal regime is a period of increasing estuarine residual volume and landward flowing Lagrangian residual currents; the reverse i\ ?< Brownlow, A.H. 1977 RV Edwards Forbes Cruise 5/77, 18 April-3 May 1977. Investigation of turbidity structures in the Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel 7 92 Wormley, UK IOS o Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; edward forbes cruise; Severn; Unpublished Manuscript g ?= Brownlow, A.H.; 1977 RV Edwards Forbes Cruise 16/77, 26 September-4 October 1977. Investigation of turbidity structures in the Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel 93 Wormley (UK) IOSo Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; edward forbes cruise; Severn; Unpublished manuscript. ?> w Uncles, R.J.;
Radford, P.J. :
Carneiro (ed), F.L.L.B.;
Ferrante (ed), A.J.;
Sphaier (ed), S.H.;
Brebbia (ed), C.A.; 1980} Seasonal and spring-neap tidal dependence of axial dispersion coefficients in the Severn - a wide, vertically mixed estuary 703-726 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 98 4X Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
hydrodynamics; modeling; severn; tidal; " Results are presented of a simplified description of the seasonal and spring-neap tidal dependence of the axial dispersion coefficients in the Severn Estuary. The coefficients are derived from salt budget calculations, which are based on 29 sets of observations of the axial salinity distributions in the estuary during 1971-1976. Regression analyses of the salinity distributions determine simple linear and logarithmic relationships for the dispersion coefficients in terms of tidal range and the total rate of input of fresh water to the estuary, the appropriate averaging periods for the freshwater inputs being computed as part of the analyses. The results show that the coefficients generally increase with increasing runoff, and, away from the mouth, depend upon the tidal range, showing a small decrease with increasing tidal range in the seaward part of the estuary, and a large increase with increasing tidal range towards the head. The yearly averaged coefficients lie in the order-of-magnitude range 10SUP-2 -10SUP-3 mSUP-2 sSUP--1 , with the larger values occurring near the head. The computed dispersion coefficients are applied to calculations of the seasonal dependence of residence times, the results being expressed as functions of axial distance along the estuary. It is shown that the residence time of the whole estuary varies from roughly 100 days during winter conditions to 200 days during summer conditions, and that the residence time landward of a particular section decreases rapidly as the section taken approaches the head of the estuary. / Affiliation NERC, IMER. Plymouth, Devon, UK h??
Alcock, G.A.
Pugh, D.T. 1980q Observations of Tides in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. A report prepared for the Department of Energy 63 112D Bradbury L.J.S.,
Durst F.,
Launder B.E.,
Schmidt F.,
Whitelaw J.H., Wormley, UK" Institute of Oceanographic Studies Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Department of Energy; renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; SEVERN; Bristol channel; harmonic analysis; institute of oceanographic sciences; Recent measurements of sea level at five sites in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, associated with the possible Severn Barrage Scheme, are reported. Data are analysed for the principal harmonic tidal constituents, which are then adjusted for monthly variability by comparison with analyses from permanent coastal gauges. Estimates are made of the probable errors in these constituents. Data collected by the Hydraulics Research Station, Wallingford, at four coastal stations, as part of the same Scheme, have been analysed in the same way and adjusted for monthly variability. All these analyses are discussed in terms of their contribution to knowledge of the tidal behaviour of the region. Unpubulished manuscriptX Affiliation Inst. Oceanogr. Sci., Bidston Observ., Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA, UK ?@ Little, C.;
Smith, L.P.;
Collins (ed.), M.B.;
Banner (ed.), F.T.;
Tyler (ed.), P.A.;
Wakefield (ed.), S.J.;
James (ed.), A.E.; 19809 Vertical zonation on rocky shores in the Severn Estuary 651-669$ Estuarine Coastal and Marine Science 11 6 Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Species
algal; invertebrates; biodiversity; intertidal; estuary; Macrofauna; wave; hydrodynamics; sediment dynamics; shoreline; fauna; flora; zonation; Zonation of algae and invertebrates was examined on rocky shores in the Severn estuary from 1975 to 1978. These shores were characterised by an absence of macro-algae from MLWS and below. Some littoral algae showed reductions in abundance during the study. In particular, Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus serratus almost disappeared from the mid shore at one site after 1976, and no significant recolonization had occurred by 1979. Animal species in general showed predictable and constant zonation patterns, but Littorina rudis, Patella vulgata and Elminius modestus all exhibited decreased upper vertical limits in the upper reaches of the estuary. Zonation patterns were interpreted. Decreasing wave exposure levels may account for the decline in upper vertical limits of species in the upper estuary. High silt concentrations may partially explain the absence of macro-algae below MLWS. Preliminary experiments compared the effects of grazers in the estuary with those in fully marine conditions. > Affiliation Dep. Zool., Bristol Univ., Bristol BS8 1UG, UK PD?A $ Chubb, C.J.
Dale, R.P.
Stoner, J.H. 1977 Inputs to Swansea Bay W Industrialised embayments and their environmental problems. A case study of Swansea BayC Collins, M.B.
Banner, F.T.
Tyler, P.A.
Wakefield, S.J.
James, A.E.J Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants + The Severn Estuary Joint Committee Technical Working Party (Welsh Water Authority, 1977) identified 16 major inputs to the Bay as being significant within the wider context of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, and these inputs have been monitored during 1978 and 1979 in order to quantify the mass input of materials from these sources more accurately. This chapter summarised the findings of the latter monitoring programme and describes input budgets for organic matter, nutrients, dissolved and particulate metals and organochlorine pesticides. Paper presented at: Interdisciplinary Symposium on Industrialised Embayments and their Environmental Problems, Swansea (UK), 26 Sep 1979 ISBN-0-08-023992-7. 8 Welsh Water Authority, Cambrian Way, Brecon, Powys, UK \tation: Strategic Policy & Planning
Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems ($age;
bristol channel; ISBN 0727703587 Qironmental Research, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
0025-3154
Realignment w r?
E Ecoscope Applied Ecologists,
Silsoe College,
Aspinwal Glouston Ltd., 1999g Re-creation options for River Severn/Avon floodplain wetlands. English Nature Research Reports, No 692. Peterborough English Nature Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry( Engy?
English Nature, 2002T North Somerset Levels and Moors and Severn Estuary Coast Wildlife Enhancement Scheme ST90 Taunton English Nature8 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems North Somerset Levels and Moors Sites of Special Scientific Interest include Tickenham, Nailsea and Kenn Moors SSSI, Puxton Moor SSSI and Biddle Street SSSI 9?
/ Natural England,
Countryside Council for Wales, 2008 The Severn Estuary candidate Special Area of Conservation. English Nature & the Countryside Council for Wales’ advice for the Severn Estuary Special Protection Area given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.)Regulations 1994, as Ammended June 2008 Peterborough Nautral England` AdapC7
?C Khalily, H. 1975$ Analysis of Severn Estuary sediments Ph.D Bristol, UK Bristol Univeristy Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment dynamics; sediment budgets; Severn; mudflats; geology; sediment; stratigraphy; modeling; salt marshes; palaeoenvironments; Unpublishedoc
|?D Thorne, L.T.; 1978, Metal speciation in Severn Estuary sediments Ph.D Bristol Bristol Univeristity Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; sediment quality; sediment; pollutants; Severn; metals; contamination; baseline; Unpublished PhD Thesis Sokolov, A.A.
Shikl?E C Radford, P .J;
Joint, IR 1980Q The application of an ecosystem model to the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 243-254" Journal of Water Pollution Control 1980 2; Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems, Services and Functions It is argued that a successful ecosystem model can be presented as a deterministic network of processes driven by a mixture of deterministic and stochastic forcing functions, and the structure of such a model of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (GEMBASE) is described. Cruises in the Bristol Channel provided data which were used as initial and boundary conditions in the model and as a verification of the simulation results. Most of the parameter values for the rate equations of the model were derived from the literature, although some were obtained by experimentation; the derivation of parameter values for primary production is described. The simulation results of GEMBASE for 1973 to 1975 are realistic and in good agreement with the field data for that period. Some applications of the models, as a research tool and a management aid, are discussed. deterministic network of processes driven by a mixture of deterministic and stochastic forcing functions, and the structure of such a model of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (GEMBASE) is described. Cruises in the Bristol Channel provided data which were used as initial and boundary conditions in the model and as a verification of the simulation results. Most of the parameter values for the rate equations of the model were derived from the literature, although some were obtained by experimentation; the derivation of parameter values for primary production is described. The simulation results of GEMBASE for 1973 to 1975 are realistic and in good agreement with the field data for that period. Some applications of the models, as a research tool and a management aid, are discussed.
NERC, IMER, Plymouth, UK0
?F Smith, L.P.; 1978A The intertidal flora of the southern shores of the Severn Estuary PhD Bristol (UK) Bristol University Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; salt marsh; ecology; distribution; abundance; flor ?G
Allen, J.R.L. 1985_ Intertidal drainage and mass-movement processes in the Severn Estuary: Rills and creeks (pills) 849-861+ Journal of the Geological Society of London 1420 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment September Mass-movement processes acting at up to three scales influence the intertidal forms of drainage in the Severn Estuary and its bordering estuarine alluvium. The open mudflats are marked by delicate drainage rills into which some freshly deposited silt is transferred at low tide by downslope creep, a shown by widespread systems of small extensional fractures. The pills traverse the areas of reclaimed alluvium and the saltings. They retain a relatively symmetrical cross-sectional profile, even where tortuous, and are remarkably stable in both general position and detailed form. The pills are are maintained by large rotational slips accompanied in many cases by channelled mudflows formed from much smaller failures. A profile of long-term sediment accumulation that favours the loading of the upper sides of the pills, irrespective of local channel curvature, appears to be a significant factor in the maintenance of these drainage lines.
0016-7649 I Department of Geological, The Univeristy of eading, Whitek?H * Butterworth, J.;
Lester, P.;
Nickless, G.; 1972, Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Severn 72-74 Marine Pollution Bulletin 3 5 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
Baseline;
sediment quality;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn;
industry;
heavy metals;
contamination; Heavy metal pollution was surveyed in the bristol channel and severn estuary and on land around Bristol, England. Concentrations of zinc, cadmium and lead in water, sediments, seaweeds and shore animals were recorded from a number of sites on the southern shore of the estuary. Contamination is detectable 90 miles downstream of avonmounth, where the highest concentrations of these heavy metals are found. (Knapp-USGS) # S?K
Various 19726 The Severn Estuary: An Assessment of Present Knowledge 246 The Natural Environment Research Council Publications Series C; No. 91 Bristol University and University College Swansea Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
baseline; severn; estuary; geology; sediment; hydrodynamics; geochemistry; water quality; Decemberd An assessment is made of current understandings of the geology and sedimentology; water movements and other physical aspects; chemistry; and biology of the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel. These understandings are intended to serve as measurement baselines for the prev F?L
Lucas, S.; 1980 Rivers of Resource Water 32 13-15 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems
water resources; Energy; industry; land use; estuary use; dredging; amenities; recreation; flooding; May The Bristol Avon, a 115 kilometer river that discharges into the Severn estuary at Avonmouth, is a major resource for industry, home, agriculture, water supply, waste disposal, and navigation. The river has a roughly circular catchment area of 2,217 sq km with approximately a 50 km diameter. Land use along the river is about 80% agricultural, 13% urban, and 5% woodland. Many mill weirs are still in place on the river dating from its involvement in the wood trade. Mile Hillyer, Divisional Resource Planner at Wessex, divides the rivers ' uses into five categories: (1) abstractions, (2) discharge, (3) navigation, (4) recreation, and (5) land drainage. Licenses for abstraction must be granted by the water authority who has to decide whether or not there will be an adverse effect on existing users. The largest abstractions are for industrial cooling. Discharges are controlled by a system of consents with the main group of dischargers being public sewage treatment works. Pollution is a major problem; however, much progress has been made in recent years. Control over navigation above the highest tide point is held by the British Waterways Board. The board is responsible for dredging, bank repairs, locks, and the sales of licenses to boat owners. Fishing and other forms of recreation are major pastimes on the river. Because the river channel is only big enough to carry a moderate size flood, a flood protection scheme is needed. The water authority acts to give users a clean, well-stocked, flood-free river. ?M
Uncles, R.J.; 1979d A Comparison of the Axial Distributions of Salt and 137CS in the Severn Estuary During August 1974 585-594$ Estuarine Coastal and Marine Science 9 5J Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants November Abstract A comparison was made of the axial distributions of salt and dissolved 137Cs in a seaward section of the Severn estuary during August 1974. It was shown that these variables were distributed with essentially the same axial dispersion coefficient, and that conditions were effectively stationary. It was also shown that the flushing of 137Cs from the estuary during this period was mainly due to the axial dispersion. The observed concentrations of 137Cs were the linear summation of those due to the northeast Celtic Sea and freshwater background levels (0.65 + 0.06 pCi/l and approximately 0.08 pCi/l respectively), together with those produced by the three nuclear power generating stations which discharge 137Cs into the estuary. The levels due to the Celtic Sea background amounted to roughly 50% of the observed values, taken as an average over the study area; the levels due to the freshwater background were negligible. (Sims-ISWS) IMER, Plymouth, UK?O Foy, G.; 1982+ Maintenance Dredging in the Port of Bristol 16-21& World Dredging and Marine Construction 18 12 Adaptation: Infrastructure and Engineering
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
dredging; docks; Portbury; sediment; harbours; technology; tidal; December The Port of Bristol Authority maintains and operates three impounded dock systems adjacent to the point where the River Avon joins the Severn Estuary, namely Portishead Dock, Avonmouth Docks and the Royal Portbury Dock. The Severn estuary has a very high tidal range, varying between 40 and 50 feet in spring tides; a very large amount of fine silt is held in suspension. Tidal channels are generally self-scouring, except for certain small local areas which show a siltation pattern attuned to the effects of local rainfall and some estuarial shoaling which has a cyclic pattern of movement. The siltation which requires dredging is located at the entrances to the various docks. To reduce the amount of such siltation pumping takes place after the high silt content times on the making of spring tides. At the city docks the bulk of the siltation arrives through the entrance and deposits mainly in the Cumberland Basin. Machinery used to perform the dredging process is described. (Baker-FRC) g?Q
Warwick, R.M. 1984* The Benthic Ecology of the Bristol Channel 70-76 Marine Pollution Bulletin 15 2 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
benthic ecology; Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; biomass; ecology; fish; invertebrates; birds; fauna; flora; severn; February The factors underlying the distribution, structure and functioning of benthic communities and the interactions between the benthos and other components of the ecosystem were examined in the Bristol Channel. Samples of the bottom fauna were taken on a grid of 155 stations in the Channel from Lundy Island to just above the Holme Islands. The inner part of the Channel is a zone of erosion with a rock bed. In the eastern Bristol Channel, the bed types of Bridgwater Bay and the lower Severn estuary are governed by extremely dense suspensions of particulate material maintained in the water column by the strong tidal currents. The influence of high current speeds and the associated stress on the sea bed result in a reduced hard-bottom fauna in the upper part of the channel. Each community subdivision found in the Channel has its center of distribution at a particular bed stress value. These relationships were used to compile an idealized simulation of the distribution of faunal types on the assumption that they relate directly to tidal stess, with no overlap between. At present the observed properties of community structure and function are explicable in terms of natural forcing functions, of which current speed is the most important, rather than resulting from pollution of the water. (Baker-IVI) @?R
Morris, A.W.; 1984= The Chemistry of the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel 57-61 Marine Pollution Bulletin 15 2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
chemistry; water quality; hydrodymanics; Contamination; nutrient; estuary; Februaryk The occurrence of an oxygen sag in the upper reaches of the Severn Estuary, especially under summer conditions of low flow and high temperature, has not been fully characterized. The waters of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel do not constitute a simple two-component mixing gradient between the primary river input and offshore waters. The Severn River supplies only about a quarter of the total freshwater input to the system. Concentrations of some nutrients and metals within the Inner and Outer Severn Estuary are plotted against salinity. Some dissolved constituents do show synoptic linear relationships with salinity within this part of the estuary, either consistently or at certain times. The combination of widely distributed sources, temporal variability in anthropogenic inputs and, especially for the nutrients, seasonal variability in riverine concentrations, coupled with the long estuarine flushing time, severely restricts the use of synoptic distribution of dissolved constituents for qualitative and quantitative deductions concerning chemical behavior within the waters of the Inner and Outer Severn Estuary. The estuary has a very large capacity for assimilating particulate contaminants and this generally obviates the use of particulate compositions and their spatial characteristics for elucidating as ( ?U o Clare, P.;
Edwards, R.W.; 1983S Macroinvertebrate Fauna of the Drainage Channels of the Gwent Levels, South Wales 205-225 Freshwater biology 13 3 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Biodiversity; baseline; Gwent Levels; population studies; diet; migration routes; biomass; food web; infauna; benthic ecology; macrofauna;
environmental assessment; estuary; ecosystem; Severn; June From a survey of the fauna at sixty sites in permanent drainage channels of the Gwent Levels during the spring of 1976 and at some of these sites (thirty-three) during the autumn, species and site associations were identified using classification and ordination techniques. Sites in some groups had identifiably similar environmental characteristics and grouping seemed particularly related to the vegetational stage in the hydrosere, water flow and the incidence of salt contamination from the Severn Estuary. Characteristics which were common within particular species groups and which, in part, explained their distributions were: adaptation to low oxygen concentrations, food preferences and dispersal mechanisms. Whilst there was some temporal stability in site groups between the spring and autumn surveys, such associations were not identical. The oxygen status of channels appeared a major factor determining faunal distribution. Twelve sites, representing a range of channel types, were sampled six times in a 12-month period. Far more species were collected within the water column and on plants than in the benthos. Several oligochaetes, e.g. Aulodrilus pluriseta, Dero digitata, Limnodrilus claparedeanus, were not recorded at most sites during the summer probably because of the sustained lack of oxygen at these sites. Three contiguous reaches of channel were maintained during the period March-October 1977 with different plant cover (no Lemna; complete Lemna cover; control with partial Lemna cover). The oxygen status of the reaches was different, that with complete Lemna cover being continuously anaerobic near the channel bed for several months, the control reach which had partial Lemna cover being anaerobic for a shorter period and that with no Lemna being only anaerobic at night. Whilst the distribution of macroinvertebrate species was principally related to this oxygen status, the control reach which was structurally the most complex, having both submerged and floating plants, contained about twice as many species as the other reaches during the summer (collected in the water column and on plants): benthic samples in this and the reach with complete Lemna cover contained only between zero and two species during the period May-September. ?W Radford, P.J.;
West, J.; 1986 Models to Minimise Monitoring 1059-1066 Water research 20 8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Water quality; modeling; pollutants; Contamination; pollution; heavy metals; monitoring; Attempts to monitor changes in the mean concentration of pollutants in estuaries are hampered by the inherent and large seasonal variance induced by the annual pattern of river run-off. Simple models can predict this dilution effect leaving a much smaller variance against which to test for pollution events or gradual changes. An efficient method based on control charts may then be used to test for significant departures from historical performances permitting a relatively rapid response to be made to undesirable changes. Cumulative sum techniques may also be used to test for inconsistencies between model and calibration data leading to better prediction and therefore more sensitive control of estuarine pollution. These techniques are illustrated using salinity and dissolved cadmium data for the Severn Estuary. These control chart techniques are able to make the most of any monitoring data which may be available and can provide some guidance on the frequency of sampling required to detect a specified change in the system. In practice this is dictated by economic and logistical considerations together with an appreciation of the effect of the retention time (or flushing time) of the estuary. If a monitoring scheme for the Inner Estuary is to pick up a single major pollution event which could occur at any random time, then sampling frequency must be of the order of 30-40 days, 10/12 a year. Further down the estuary, the retention time increases to 150-200 days for the Inner Channel which could allow a reduced sampling of 2-4 times a year. If however it is more important to detect small but persistent increases in pollutant levels, then this kind of frequency could be adequate throughout the estuary. (Lantz-PTT) n+ ,?X j Aprahamian, M.W.; 1988T The biology of the Twaite Shad Alosa fallax fallax (Lacepede), in the Severn Estuary 141-152 Journal of Fish Biology 33 Suppl A Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; twaite shad; baseline; population studies; diet; allosa fallax fallax; migration routes;u The estuarine biology of the twaite shad was studied in the Severn Estuary. Adults enter the estuary at the start of the freshwater phase of their spawning migration between April and June. Peak immigration generally occurs in May and is associated with temperatures in the range 10.6-12.3 C. The mean instantaneous mortality rate for the mature population was 0.53. The effect of additional mortality on the spawning population was modelled assuming constant recruitment and no density-dependent effects. Juvenile twaite shad are present in the estuary from July until they emigrate seaward during the autumn. A portion of these fish re-enter the estuary the following April-May and remain until late summer/early autumn before once more migrating seaward. The 0+ age group feed mainly on harpacticoid and calanoid copepods and mysids, the relative preponderance of these in the diet being apparently related to tidal conditions. The possible implications of the proposed tidal power barrage in the Severn Estuary on the twaite shad population are discussed in relation to movement, diet, and additional mortality of the mature { ۸?Y
McColl, N.P.; 1988 Model to Predict the Level of Artificial Radionuclides in Environmental Materials in the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel 79-84 Journal of Fish Biology 33 supplement A Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
environmental assessment; radioactivity; sediment quality; water quality; Modeling; pollutants; pollution; Severn; contamination; baseline; hydrodynamics; r The SEVERN compartment model of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (England) was developed for use in predicting environmental concentrations of artificial radionuclides present in the estuary as a result of low-level routine discharges from the nuclear power industry. The approach used was to divide the geographical region into a number of compartments and represent mass water movements and dispersion as exchange coefficients between compartments. This approach assumes that a radionuclide is uniformly distributed within each compartment. The system of first-order linear equations that represents the model is solved numerically to produce time-varying environmental concentrations of radionuclides. Further computer programs are used to assess the radiological impact of the concentrations, using appropriate dosimetric and habit data. The model was validated against salinity data and concentrations of Cs137 in environmental media. This validation demonstrates the overall ability of the model to represent the transport and environmental distribution of tracer materials, including those not conserved in the water column. H Affiliation N ݼ?Z
Uncles, R.J.; 1988 Tidal Dynamics of Estuaries 59-73 Hydrodynamics of Estuaries 1 Estuarine Physics Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
hydrodynamics; modeling; severn; tidal; asymmetry; sea-level; The hydrodynamics of strongly tidal, well-mixed, and partly-mixed estuaries are discussed. The discussion is based largely on numerical solutions of the equations governing tidal flows in shallow water, and makes use of data computed for the macrotidal Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, a well-mixed estuarine system in the southwest of the U.K. The elevations and currents within an estuary are not perfect sine waves, but exhibit distortion or asymmetry between flood and ebb elevations and currents. This feature is due to the presence of overtide which are higher tidal harmonics of the fundamental tide. Because boundary currents and nonlinear currents dominate near the mouth, and near the head, respectively, the tidal curve is ebb-dominant near the mouth of the Severn, and flood-dominant in the upper reaches. The flood-dominance of the tidal currents has been observed in the upper reaches of many strongly tidal estuaries. Nonlinearities in the tidal dynamics not only introduce asymmetry into the elevations and currents, but also lead to a shift in mean sea level. Mean sea level increases progressing up-estuary, even in absence of density gradients. This is a consequence of frictional drag at the seabed. Friction manifests itself in two ways: first, by causing the tide to be partially progressive and introducing a Stokes drift, and second , by introducing asymmetry into the tidal currents. a?[ Killops, SD;
Howell, VJ 1988q Sources and Distribution of Hydrocarbons in Bridgewater Bay (Severn Estuary, U.K.) Intertidal Surface Sediments 237-261# Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 8 6J Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants September Hydrocarbon distributions in two intertidal, surface sediments from Bridgewater Bay were examined by high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to investigate distributions and sources of hydrocarbons. Two major hydrocarbon sources were identified, pyrogenic polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and a chronic petrogenic input. Other probable sources were algal, higher plant and DDT-related pesticides. It was not possible to detect a contribution to the surface sediments from a nearby Liassis shale. Petrogenic biomarker distributions were broadly similar in the sediment samples, possibly reflecting a degree of resuspension and mixing of sediments within Bridgewater Bay. However, the significance of some slight differences in steroidal hydrocarbon distributions could not be determined. A relatively greater contribution from the petrogenic sources than from the pyrogenic source was noted in the finer grained sediment sample. An extended range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was noted in both sediment samples, with molecular weights of up to 326 detected. A group of compounds (comprising terphenyls, cyclohexylbiphenyls and dicyclohexylbenzenes) which appeared to have a petrogenic origin was detected. 2 Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, Egham (UK)?\ C Vale, J.;
Ravenscroft, J.E.;
Gunn, A.M.;
Gardner, J.M.;
Apte, S.C.; 19901 Trace Metals in the Severn Estuary: A Reappraisal 393-396 Marine Pollution Bulletin 21 8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; pollution; trace metals; sediment; pollutants; Severn; contamination; baseline; August The Severn estuary is the largest estuary in the United Kingdom. The salinity/concentration profiles of seven dissolved trace metals, i.e., copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As), in the Severn estuary were reported. The metal concentrations observed in this study were considerably lower than those reported in previous work. Despite known inputs of metals through industrial and waste discharges, river inputs play an important part in the estuarine profiles. For Cu, Ni and Zn, riverine inputs appear to be the main source of metals. The profiles of Cd, Cr and As appear to be dominated by point source discharges in mid-estuary. Lateral heterogeneity is small, except in the vicinity of industrial outfalls. In spite of this, quite large between-day variations in dissolved metal concentrations were observed in the upper estuary. Chromium was the only metal not showing between-day variability. Saline end member concentrations were consistent with ranges quoted for the European coastal shelf area. This survey suggests that atmospheric deposition is far less important, at least as a contributor to concentrations of dissolved metal, though its influence on particulate metal may still be significant. Water Research Centre '?] Allen, J.R.L.; 1990w Salt-Marsh Growth and Stratification: A Numerical Model with Special Reference to the Severn Estuary, Southwest Britain 77-96 Marine Geology 95 2 Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; modelling; Bioindicators; mudflats; marsh; Sediment; tidal; Baseline;9 Numerical modeling is one way to improve understanding of the growth and response to external factors of high tidal mudflats and marshes. Theoretically, mudflat-marsh growth is determined by the rates of minerogenic and organogenic sedimentation, the rate of change and tendency of relative sea-level, and the rate of long-range sediment compaction. A numerical simulation model for mudflat-marsh growth using these ideas has been implemented for the Severn Estuary on the basis of empirical knowledge of its tidal and fine-sediment regimes and of the present-day order of magnitude of the deposition rate of fine sediment in its upper intertidal zone. The predicted curve of vertical growth relative to the tidal frame at first rises very steeply but thereafter flattens rapidly. Its precise form depends on the balance between the terms of the governing equation. When relative sea-level is rising, a marsh may grow, after a certain maturation time, to a stable elevation in the moving tidal frame. This elevation is substantially less than the elevation of the extreme tide, a situation that could inhibit peat formation. When the tendency of relative sea-level is downward, or when the rate of organogenic sedimentation is sufficiently large, a marsh after a certain emergence time may rise above the tidal frame, with the consequence that peat growth is favored. The exploratory model is supported by a published growth curve for tidal marshes in eastern England, and by the observed internal stratification and relative elevations of the salt marshes developed along the Severn Estuary. Affiliation Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, The University, P. O. Box 227, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AB, England ?_ = 1 Broom, M.J.
Davies, J.
Hutchings, B.
Halcrow, W. 1991l Environmental Assessment of the Effects of Polluting Discharges: State I: Developing a Post-facto Baseline 71-87$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 33 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
sediment quality; water quality;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn; sewage; infauna; contamination; baseline; July A number of distinct community assemblages inhabiting the intertidal and marginally sublittoral areas of the north shore of the outer Severn estuary, United Kingdom, were identified by classification analysis. The abiotic characteristics of the site groups were quantified. Two unusual faunal groups characterized by the presence of the polychaetes Nephtys hombergi and Tharyx marioni, (for one group), and by Nephyts hombergi and the oligochaete Tubificoides amplivasatus (for the second group) were identified. Common to both groups, but not found in other groups, was the oligochaete Tubificoides brownae. The assemblages occurred in areas where there were unusually fine sediments with only a very thin oxygenated layer, which may have been produced as a result of the substantial discharges of sewage in the vicinity. It is proposed that the information pertaining to abiotic characteristics and associated community composition of each of the major site groups be used as baseline information in studies to determine the impacts of polluting discharges in areas of the Severn estuary where there is considerable spatial variation in abiotic factors. ?`
French, P.W.; 1993y Post-Industrial Pollutant Levels in Contemporary Severn Estuary Intertidal Sediments, Compared to Pre-Industrial Levels 30-35 Marine Pollution Bulletin 26 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment;
sediment quality;
sediment;
pollutants;
Severn; contamination; baseline; January A set of 46 samples from the Severn Estuary, in southwest England, were analyzed for coal, copper, lead and zinc levels to determine the degree to which present-day sediments are enriched relative to their pre-industrial counterparts. Half (23) of the samples were obtained from contemporary mudflat sediments, distributed over the estuary, while the remainder were taken from the pre-industrial sediments from within the Rumney Formation. Particulate coal debris concentration was determined by density separation using the heavy liquid tetrabromoethane, diluted with acetone to a specific gravity of 1.7 and a centrifuge. Heavy metal concentration was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis of pressed powder pellets in an analyzer with a scandium/molybdenbum tube fitted with a flow and scintillation detector and lithium fluoride 200 crystal. The analysis revealed a systematic enrichment of metals in present-day sediments of the order of two to four times those found in the pre-industrial sediments, while coal varied widely from enrichment to depletion. This variation seems to indicate the diverse history of coal production in this area, and the localized effects caused by small-scale industry and port activity. (Brunone-PTT) Affiliation Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 2AB, England D?a ! Amin, M.;
Flather, R.A.; 1996\ Investigation into the possibilities of using Bristol Channel models for tidal predictions G The 1995 4th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling
San Diego, CA ASCE, New York_ Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Severn; bristol channel; tidal; modelling; harmonic analysis; 26-28 Oct. 1995 ! The effectiveness of a system of numerical models of the Bristol Channel in reproducing the complete tidal profile is investigated with the aim of improving accuracy. The system includes a Bristol Channel model (BCM) with approx.4km resolution and open boundary at 5 degree W linked to a shelf wide model (CS3) with approx.12km grid. Open boundary tidal input to BCM can be defined either in the form of harmonic constituents or as a time series from CS3. Advantages and disadvantages of the two forms of input are discussed. A higher resolution (approx.1.3km) model (SEM) covers the Severn Estuary east of 3.6 degree W providing a better representation of bottom topography and improved simulation of the tides in the upper estuary (e.g. at Newport and Hinkley Point - see Figure 1) by reducing the tidal range as compared with BCM. The models are sensitive to the number of harmonic constituents input at their open boundaries. Introducing new constituents (to a total of 26 in BCM) improved the predicted tidal profile. The addition of a 1D model of the tidal River Severn dynamically linked to the 2D SEM and collectively referred to as 'SRM' modifies the reflection of incoming tides, significantly improving the accuracy of non-linear components and producing further small changes in the principal tides. * Affiliation Proudman Oceanographic Lab -?c Allen, J.R.L.
Rae, J.E. 1988] Vertical salt-marsh accretion since the Roman period in the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain 225-235 Marine Geology 83 1-4 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Archeology; Roman-Britain; Romano-British; Antiquities; Severn; Estuary; Land Reclamation; Gwent; wetland; salt marshes; landscape change;) Using three methods of measurement, and averaging over the whole estuary, the vertical sediment accretion on mature clastic salt marshes amount to 1.22 m since the Roman period, 1.05 m since the Medieval Period, 0.54 m since ca. A.D. 1845, and 0.21 m since ca. A.D. 1945. These data are interpreted to mean that the trend of relative sea level in the Severn Estuary is continuing upward and that the current rate of rise could be a few millimetres per year. The measured sediment thicknesses cannot be equated directly with relative movements of sea level, however, because of effects related mainly to (1) changes in the tidal range with general deepening, (2) the possible transgression up the Severn Vale of the estuary as a whole, and (3) the possible raising of tidal levels due to wetland reclamation. 0025-3227a Affiliation Dep. Geol., Univ. Reading, P.O. Box 227, Whiteknights, Reading, Berk. RG6 2AB, UK ?d Fletcher, B.N; 19809 The geology of the area of the proposed Severn Barrage. Shaw, T.LC Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
geology; barrage; severn; Sediment; In recent years a number of surveys have been carried out by the Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS) in the Lower Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel using shallow seismic continuous reflection profiling equipment, supplemented by samples taken by gravity corers and shipek grabs. In the neighborhood of the islands of Flat Holm and Steep Holm the preliminary results of these surveys show that much of the area has been swept clear by the tidal currents, and rock is exposed at the seabed. The rock types occurring in the Estuary are the same as those in the adjacent land areas. The geological successions are similar on either margin of the Bristol Channel and the sequence is presented. G Affiliation Inst. Geol. Sci., Ring Road, Halton, Leeds LS15 8TQ, UK _
?e Taylor, D.R. 19965 An analysis of sea level change in the Severn Estuary PhD Bristol University of BristolS Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
climate change; sea-level; transgression; severn; ?f Hewlett, R.; 1997W Holocene environmental change and the response to sea-level in the Inner Severn Estuary PhD Bristol University of Bristol Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
holocene; sea-level; Climate change; paleoenvironments; reclamation; severn; Unpublished PhD Thesis6 The thesis describes the inner Severn Estuary, defined as the area between Slimbridge and Upton on Severn and comprising a length of some 67 km of tidal water. The work suggests that the majority of the inner estuary was reclaimed during the mediaeval period rather than the Roman period as previously thought. BIAB volume entry 99/11/85 vK
?g
Rippon, S.J.; 1993F Landscape evolution and wetland reclamaition around the Severn Estuary PhD Reading University of Reading Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
landscape change; wetland; reclamation; land use; paleoenvironments; severn; Unpublished PhD Thesis A study of landscape evolution in the Severn Estuary region, from the end of the Iron Age through to the post-medieval period. Archaeological, palaeoenvironmental, documentary, place-name, and landscape evidence is exploited to examine four areas of wetlands with their ad?h
& Bell, M.;
Casteldine, A.;
Neumann, H.; 2000> Prehistoric intertidal archaeology in the Welsh Severn Estuary 409 Council for British Archaeology Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Archeology; Roman-Britain; Antiquities; Goldcliffe; Severn; Estuary; landscape change;< Reports on investigations carried out along a 3km stretch of the Welsh shore of the Severn Estuary at Goldcliff between 1990 and 1998. Prehistoric occupation dating from the period between 5500 to 200 BC was revealed, along with some evidence relating to later periods. The monograph text is supported by a CD-ROM, edited by Barbara Taylor, which contains the survey map base, a gazetteer, and associated databases and images, readable in HTML format [contributions on the disc are identified below using `CD' followed, where necessary, by the relevant section number/s]. CBA Research Report 120
al heritage
tell where the sea ends and the shore begins. It is the same with its tributaries, the Wye, the Usk, Ely, and Rhymney on the Welsh side, the Avon, Yeo, Parrot, and others on the English coast.
The source of this mud has been made a subject of much dispute. That it is chiefly supplied by the rivers themselves to their respective estuaries might sound to geologists like an obvious truth ; but such is certainly not the opinion of those who have most closely inquired into the matter. Engineers like Mr. C. Richardson and Mr. Howard have long been of opinion that the sediment of the tidal Avon is furnished to it by the Severn ; the like is asserted of the Parrot, and I do not think one stands in any fear of contradiction when stating as a general truth that all the estuaries opening into the Severn derive their mud at least immediately from the main channel. This being so, whence then has the Severn obtained it? The answers given to this inquiry by engineers are various.& DOI: 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1883.039.01-04.38
8 1TS, UK 9ational Radiological Protection Board Harwell (England) %, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AB, UK
rtment of Inorganic Chemistry (roject; foresight; DTi; scenarios; 186 ;
article/B7MFJ-4DX5CV2-6/2/28f22ffb1f039f11894d00775e6520fd
098048f2dcdb0ad3038e9a1ffa346d >3900 5 Affiliation Sir Robert McAlpine and Sons Ltd., UK 7
s true for spring to neap tides. IMER, Plymouth, UK )(See also W89-02682) IMER, Plymouth, UK pt
Wales coast` http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WDV-4NDVNXK-3/2/5e2018a35aeee6292315c48dc15a9e2f @ Department of Zoology, University College, Cardiff, Wales, UK o
nd autumn). The Leverton transect was dominated by offshore sediment supply for all the scenarios.
0048-9697 S
iencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJ7-4CWSVMD-1/2/8024c2c7640a7de1d6c79045ee682b4e *vern Estuary is described. 1741-1165 &RQT=309&VName=PQD
12 omics February 20 ?k Allen, J.R.L.; 1998 The geoarcheology of land-claim in coastal wetlands: a sketch from Britain and the north-western European Atlantic-North Sea coast 1-54 Archeology Journal 154 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Britain; North-western Europe; reclamation; archeology; Severn; salt marsh; sediment dynamics;z A general survey of the form and function of the sea banks and outfall works that were constructed for land reclamation on coastal salt-marshes from the late prehistoric period to recent times. Examples from Britain (Humber Estuary, the Fens, North Norfolk, Walland and Romney Marshes, and the Severn Estuary Levels), France, and Frisia (on the Dutch-German border) are studied. 0066-5983 D?l Bell, M. 1992 The Goldcliffe project, Wales NewsWARP 11R Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Archeology; antiquities; Describes wooden structures and trackways excavated at this intertidal site in the Severn Estuary. With a 14C date of 2120 + 90 BP the buildings have no parallel in Britain. A few bones at the entrance to one building were the only finds. 0950-8244 ?m Bell, M.; 1993' Severn Estuary Levels Research Commitee 1-3 CBA Wales Newsletter 4 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Severn Estuary Levels: Seven Estuary Levels Committee; archeology; roman- Britain; antiquities; A résumé of the activities of the Committee since its inception in 1985. Introduces the prominent members of the Committee and describes their major projects on sites ranging in date from Bronze Age to Roman. A contact address is given for membership JMO?n Allen, J.R.L.
Fulford, M.G. 1993 Romano-British and later geoarchaeology at Oldbury Flats: reclamation and settlement on the changeable coast of the Severn Estuary 82-123 Archeology Journal 149 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Oldbury Flats; Severn; roman- Britain; archeology; intertidal; landscape change; A silted-up palaeochannel in the postglacial estuarine alluvium exposed at Oldbury Flats on the south-eastern shore of the Severn Estuary has yielded a considerable variety of Romano-British occupation debris, and constitutes a major primary source for the substantial quantities of previously recorded archaeological material transposed into the present day inter-tidal zone. The disposition of the abandoned tidal channels, the pattern of medieval fields, and the configuration and relationships of the surviving seabank to early finds in the area point to substantial landscape and coastal changes from the Roman period onward. Considerable losses of alluvial land appear to have occurred, and these may have forced the inland dispersal of the Romano-British settlement. Perhaps because of its location, close to the shore of the estuary, and near major creeks, the settlement is the richest so far detected on the Severn Levels. 0066-5983 ?o Maylan, N.; 1994& A curator's view of the Severn Estuary 3-4 CBA Wales Newsletter 7 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Severn; geography; archeology; amenities; recreation; management; severn Estuary Levels; planning; development; policy; Summarises planning policy and development control responses to potential threats to the important archaeology of the Severn Estuary Levels (see also 95/874). ?p Bell, M.; 1994 Severn Estuary under threat 1-3 CBA Wales Newsletter 7 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Archeology; Roman-Britain; Romano-British; Antiquities; Severn; Estuary; environmental impact; sevERN estaruy Levels: severn estuary levels committee; cardiff bay development; bridges; Impact; development policy; Summarises the recent discoveries which highlight the archaeological importance of the wetland and intertidal areas of the estuary. This area is now under threat from the construction of a new Severn crossing and associated industrial development, the Cardiff Bay Development, and an international airport. The Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee has been established as a response. See also 95/785. \\?q Allen, J.R.L.;
Rippon, S.J.; 1996x The historical simplification of coastal flood defences: four case histories from the Severn Estuary Levels, S W Britain 73-88B Transactions of the Bristol Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 113' Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Severn Estuary Levels; coastal defence; sea-level; sea-level rise; Hill Pill; Magor Pill; Cold Harbour Pill; Oldbury Pill; landscape change; Field and documentary studies, centred on Hill Pill (Avon), Magor Pill (Gwent), Cold Harbour Pill (Gwent), and Oldbury Pill (Avon), show that over the last four hundred years the seabanks defending the Levels have been shortened, mainly by moving outfall structures progressively seaward along the streams and rivers. The process, which is continuing, reduces maintenance costs and risks, and appears to have been driven by an accelerating relative rise in sea level since the seventeenth century. This is evinced by survival of increasingly large and elaborate outfall works and seabanks. Some early outfall structures, at Hill Pill and Magor Pill (Prat Reen), have part D?r
Jones, B.; 1998* The Severn Estuary: a wetland under threat Rescue News 74q Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
archeology; development; impact; severn estuary levels; Highlights the archaeological importance of the Severn estuary levels and warns that these areas are under increasing threat from developments that will follow in the wake of recent road building. 0950-5850]?s Allen, J.R.L.; 2002} The landscape archaeology of the Lydney Level, Gloucestershire: natural and human transformations over the last two millennia 27-57F Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 119 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Gloucestershire; archeology; roman-Britain; reclamation; erosion; retreat; tidal; landscape; Lydney Level; Reports that six episodes of seabank construction, beginning apparently in the Roman period can be recognised at Lydney Level (an outcrop of alluvium on the west shore of the Severn Estuary). In the largest land-claim, of medieval date, only c. 62% of the enclosure was ever ploughed, in sharp contrast to the settled and much more fully cultivated, embanked alluvium on the eastern margin of the estuary. A later medieval episode of coastal erosion and retreat demanded the setting back of great lengths of seabank on the east of the outcrop. The tidal creeks of the level, reaching back across the agricultural landscape, were exploited for trade, communication and ship building.
0 900197 55 2[
?u # Burrow, S.;
Driver, T.;
Thomas, D.; 2001_ Bridging the Severn Estuary, two possible earlier Neolithic enclosures in the Vale of Glamorgan 91-1001 Neolithic Enclosures in Atlantic Northwest Europe( Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers 6 Darvill, T.
Thomas, J. Oxbow Books Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeologic?v
Bartlett, S.; 2004& Environmental Change at Walmore Common 4-13
Dean Archaeol 17 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
environmental assessment;
walmore common;
sediment;
pollen samples;
wetland;
sediment;
Severn;
baseline; Abbreviated report on the analysis of pollen samples taken from an undisturbed, waterlogged site adjacent to the Severn Estuary. 0954-8874?w
Green, S.; 1989P Some recent archaeological and faunal discoveries from the Severn Estuary Levels 187-199 Bulletin board of Celtic Studies 36 Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
archeology; pollen samples; foraminifera; antiquities; _ Records the finding of a partial skeleton of aurochs, and presents results of analyses of pollen and foraminifera. Stray finds include three handaxes and a Levallois flake, a Neo polished axe, two MBA side-looped spearheads, and a shield-pattern palstave. Analysis of the bronze metal assigns the pieces to Acton Park or early Taunton/ Cemmaes phases. ?x Whittle, A.W.R. 1989O Two Later Bronze Age occupations and an Iron Age channel on the Gwent Foreshore 200-223 Bulletin Board of Celtic Studies 36j Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Archeology; Antiquities; Severn; Estuary; Gwent; Three sites were excavated in 1986. At Chapeltump site 1 an inner post-ring was seen in the circular structure and the date confirmed as LBA; a short occupation of LBA was found at Cold Harbour; and at Magor Pill a natural channel contained Iron Age pottery. The significance of recent discoveries from the Gwent foreshore for the archaeology of the upper Severn Estuary is briefly discussed. Specialist reports on worked wood, plant remains, pottery.
?z Allen, J.R.L;
Rae, J.E.; 1987n Late Flandrian shoreline oscillations in the Severn Estuary: a geomorpholocial and stratigraphic reconnaisance 185-230; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 315 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Wentlooge; Rumney; Oldbury; shoreline; medieval; saxon; landscape change; sediments; coastal geomorphology; Stratigraphy; flandrian;
Adaptation: Shoreline Management Study of formations and surfaces (eg Wentlooge, Rumney, Oldbury, etc) has demonstrated the instability of the estuary shorelines, with erosion being seen particularly in Saxon to early medieval times as well as more recently. # ?{ Allen, J.R.L.; 1987p Late Flandrian shoreline oscillations in the Severn Estuary: the Rumney Formation at its typesite (Cardiff area) 157-74; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 315 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; sediment dynamics; sediment; roman-Britain; Land Reclamation; archeology; wentlooge; rumney; sediments; palaeoenvironments;d Describes the Wentlooge Level, reclaimed in the Romano-British period; some time before late med the coast retreated by lkm, destroying the (presumed) Roman seabank and opening the Roman ditches to entry by the sea. This Wentlooge Formation was smothered by the Rumney Formation, in two phases from 15th century, of pink silty clays with sands and gravels. 6?| Hawkins, A.B.; 1971? The Late Weichselian and Flandrian transgressions of SW Britain 115-30 Quarternaria 14z Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Weichselian; Flandrian; transgression; sea-level; paleoclimatology; paleoenvironments; 4 A paper to the VIIIth Congress of INQUA, Paris 1969 on quaternary sea-levels, presents a diagram of sea-level changes for SW Britain from 9000 BP onwards. The RB marine transgression is limited to the Severn Estuary; there is also evidence to suggest a slow continuous rise in sea-level during the RB period. ?} 9 Atomic Energy Research Establishment Energy Support Unit, 1992* Algal stabilisation of estuarine sediments Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment composition;
infauna; benthic ecology; British Library Catalogue Shelfmark 3816.477000 ETSU-TID--4088-P1 DSC Request
Shelfmark Alphafiche ETSU-TID--4088-P1(microfiche) DSC Request
System number 006164655 6opulation studies; flora; fauna; tidal; hydrodymanics; ) pary. A range of scenarios and their impliY?~ 2 Harwell Laboratory Energy Technology Support Unit, 19920 Algal stabilization of estuarine sediments: pt 2 Department of Trade and Industry Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
sediment composition;
infauna; benthic ecology; British Library Catalogue @ 6 15 Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry 3)orthcoming) and Vurlong Reen (Walker et al. 1998).
? Welsh Assembly Government, 2001L Draft Marine Aggregates Dredging Policy (South Wales); consultation document Planning Division, Welsh Assembly Government Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry
Sediments; Marine Aggregates; Bristol Channel; Severn; Welsh Assembley Government; Wales National Assembley; dredging; policy; aggregates; ' 9?
5 Bell, M.G.
Caseldine, Q diment The tidal channel of the Severn is notorious for its mud. At high tide it is filled with a sea of turbid water, thick and opaque with tawny-coloured sediment; as the tide ebbs a broad expanse of shining mud flats is revealed fringing the coast; but so like is the water to the mud that, seen from a distance, it is often hard toDκ?
Rippon, S.J.; 2000o Estuarine archaeology : the Severn and beyond: annual report of the Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee. 3 Severn Estuary Research Committee Annual Conference 11 Abergavenny, Wales Severn Estuary Rearch Committee{ Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
British Library;
Severn; estuary;
Archeology;
Research committee; September 2000 Archeology in the Severn Estuary6 1595.097500 11 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue ? Ferns, P.N; 1981 Intertidal feeding areas of seven species of shoreirds at seven sites of the Severn Estaury: A contribution to the Severn Esatury feasibility study Department of Energy, Department of Energy, Londonc Climate Change Impacts: Species
Severn;
Tidal barrage;
Biodiversity;
Birds;
Feasibility study;; 8253.977000 STP--46 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue F?
Allen, J.R.L. 1990q Late Flandrian shoreline oscillations in the Severn Estuary: change and reclamation at Arlingham, Gloucestershire; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 1613 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
flandrian shoreline;
reclamation;
Severn;
Gloucestershire;
sea-level rise;
transgression;
landscape change;; 6463.000000 no 1613 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue ' D?
Allen, J.R.L. 2002 No. 2: Later Quaternary stratigraphy and environmental change, Severn Estuary Levels: a field guide to Gold Cliff Island and Oldbury Flats Occasional papaers in Geography Bath SpaH School of Geography and Development Studies: Bath Spa University College Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
stratigraphy;
Severn Estuary Levels:
environmental change;
quarternary;
Gold Cliffe Island;
Oldbury Flats;8 6224.545000 no 2 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue 7 Goodger, B.; 2005s Mapping locations of non-breeding birds on the Welsh section of the Severn Estuary, SSSI, Ramsar Site, SPA and cSAC Countryside Council for Wales, CCW Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Species
birds; CCW; SSSI; Ramsar Site; SPA; cSAC; biodiversity; baseline; population studies; migration routes; CCW regional report CCW/SEW/05/1 CCWj Shelfmark 3096.240200 no. 05/1 DSC Request
Dewey class. no. 598.156 22
British Library Catalogue English; Welsh (summary) Minehead (Jones et al. F n the Severn. 9&VName=PQD Ph.D Thesis used to simulate the
Ph.D Thesis $provide a good prediction B volume entry: 94/263
efore failure. 0b?did=747049301&sid=1 n processes.
biomolecules.
shed PhD Thesis indicated. ?
Cole, S.D.; 1912 The Sea Walls of the Severn Bristol{ Adaptation: Shoreline Management
Coastal defence; sea walls; Severn; infrastructure; coastal management; erosion; flooding;< Shelfmark X.809/63073 Request
British Library Catalogue ? Department of Energy, 1981f The Severn Estuary : Observations of tidal currents, salinities and suspended solids concentrations. Department of Energy, London Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Tide; Severn; TSS; renewable energy; hydrodynamics; SEVERN; harmonic analysis; modeling; barrage; sediment composition; water quality; sediment;F Shelfmark 8253.977000 STP--74 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue L ? Department of Energy, 1981* The Severn Estuary: Sand Flux Measurements Department of Energy, London| Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
sediment; sediment dynamics; severn; Modeling; Department of Energy; 8253.977000 STP--76 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue? Department of Energy, 1981\ The Severn Estuary: Measurements of the vertical and lateral distribution of mud suspensions Department of Energy, London Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
sediment; sediment composition; tss; sediment dynamics; Modeling; Department of EnergyH Shelfmark 8253.977000 STP--75 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue ? Department of Energy, 1981y The Severn Estuary Wave Climate study: Wind wave correlation: waves April 1978 - March 1981 winds April 1960 - March 1981 Department of Energy, London Climate Change: Regional/Local
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
Department of Energy; wind; wave; modeling; renewable energy; hydroelectric; wave climate study; E Shelfmark 8253.977000 STP--4 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue l(? Department of Energy, 1981> The Severn Estuary Wave Climate Study: Set of Progress Reports Department of Energy, London Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
wave climate study;
Wave power;
modeling; renewable energy; hydroelectric;8 8253.977000 STP--5 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue ? Department of Energy, 1981> The Severn Estuary wave climate study: April 1978 - March 1979 Department of Energy, London Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Wave climate study;
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wind; wave; modeling; renewable energy; hydroelectric;E Shelfmark 8253.977000 STP--2 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue {)? Department of Energy, 19814 Severn tidal power: recording of tide levels in 1979 Department of Energy, London; Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
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tidal; modeling; renewable energy; hydroelectric; tide;G Shelfmark 8253.977000 STP--29 DSC Request
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? Department of Energy, 1981` Severn Tidal Power: One dimensional model studies of the Severn Estuary: Supplementary Report. Department of Energy, Londong Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
severn; tidal power; renewable energy; tide; tidal; barrage; modeling H Shelfmark 8253.977000 STP--82 DSC Request
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Ivil, K.A. 1982= A study of the bed morphology of part of the sediment estuary Cardiff University College Cardiff/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
; plastic;
al heritage cts on that estuary. ?
Kirby, R. 1986Y Suspended fine cohesive sediment in the Severn Estuary, and the Inner Bristol Channel, UK Energy Technology Support Unit, Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
british Library; bristol channel; sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; tidal; sediment; Sediment transport; O Shelfmark 8253.977000 ETSU-STP--4042 DSC Request
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Holbrook, A.; 2000? Tidal barrages in the Severn estuary : a bibliography 1904-1990 Bath Spa Bath Spa Univeristy PressW Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Barrage; Severn; Tide; Tidal; Estuary; Wales; England;
0861971280c)? Department of Energy, 1981\ Tidal energy survey of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel: Supplementary Report no. 3. Deaprtment of Energyq Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
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tidal; modeling; renewable energy; hydroelectric; tide; 3F Shelfmark 8253.977000 STP--49 DSC Request
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tidal; modeling; renewable energy; hydroelectric; tide;G Shelfmark 8253.977000 STP--7 DSC Request
British Library Catalogue &? Department of Energy, 1981\ Tidal energy survey of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel: Supplementary Report no. 2. Department of Energy, London Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
alternative energy sources;
tidal; modeling; renewable energy; hydroelectric; tide;D Shelfmark 8253.977000 STP--8 DSC Request
British Libary Catalogue &? Department of Energy, 1981_ Tidal energy survey of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel (single basin - single effect). Department of Energy, London Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
alternative energy sources;
tidal; modeling; renewable energy; hydroelectric; tide;E Shelfmark 8253.977000 STP--6 DSC Request
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Severn Tidal Power Group, 1986t Tidal Power from the Severn. Engineering and economic studies- The Cardiff Weston Scheme and English Stones Scheme. Severn Tidal Power Groupy Mitigation: Renewables-F? Haslett, S.K.; 2006W Topographic variation of an estuarine salt marsh : Northwick Warth (Severn Estuary, UK) Occasional papers in Geography 3Q Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
salt marshes; topography; severn;& Dept of Geography, Bath Spa University
1472-8974 P
D?
Knock, C.; 1990H Finite Element Modeling of Estaurine hydrodynamics (Pollution transport)) Council for National Academic Awards (UK) PhD Bristol Bristol Polytechnic Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment; sediment budget; modeling; sediment transport; Severn; sediment dynamics; hydrodynamics; Unpublished PhD Thesis A finite element model of the hydrodynamics and transport of pollution in a well-mixed estuary is presented. The equations used are the shallow water equations and the depth averaged transport equation. These are solved using the Galerkin finite element method and an implicit predictor-corrector time-stepping scheme. The predictor is the Adams-Bashforth method and the corrector the Crank-Nicholson method. An automatically varying timestep size is used allowing the timestep size to vary with the physics of the problem. The presence of a vertical shear in the flow in an estuary means that the depth averaging of the transport equation gives rise to an extra dispersion-like term acting along the direction of flow. A new method is developed to model this, which splits the dispersion term into two parts, a uniform background dispersion term and a term that acts only along the streamline. To check the accuracy of the chosen finite element method several test problems were run. The timestepping scheme is tested by modelling the solid body rotation of a cone. The accuracy of the hydrodynamic equations was checked by modelling two examples for which analytical solutions were available: the advancement of a depression into still water and the flow in a segment shaped estuary. Further test problems include the recirculation about a backward step and the simulation of the effects of the Coriolis force and wind stress on the flow in a lake. Finally the model is used to simulate the hydrodynamics of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. Then a hypothet
L? Lees, B.J.; 1989 The use of Remote Sensing as a tool to further the understanding of suspended sediment dynamics in the Bristol Chanel (England) 167 PhD Southampton Southampton Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Remote sensing;
landsat;
bristol channel;
severn;
sediment dynamics;
tidal barrage;
renewable energy; Unpublished PhD Thesis} Seventeen cloud-free Landsat MSS virtually instantaneous images of the Bristol Channel turbidity maximum have been examined, but the severe problems of working in a highly dynamic environment preclude the acquisition of adequate synchronous seatruth data. The behaviour of the cohesive suspended sediments is governed by the semidiurnal and spring-neap tidal cycles, so it is therefore possible to match non-synchronous sediment concentration data to satellite data provided both are obtained at identical stages of the two tidal cycles. A linear relationship is shown between band 5 (600-700 nm) and log$/sb/rm e$ surface suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs). Unexpectedly for a well-mixed estuary, the relationship comprises two statistical populations, designated Class I and Class II. Image analysis techniques are used to separate them. Differences in mineralogical composition of the suspensions may explain this phenomenon. An algorithm is developed using the two linear relationships to produce surface SSC maps. These are compared with the equivalent Kirby (1986) SSC maps and used to enhance them and the understanding of cohesive suspended sediment behaviour. Bridgwater Bay is shown to behave as a separate entity from the main Channel. Its sediment circulation pattern is described. Further light is shed on problems of entrainment, advection and settling. The presence of a vertical sediment front with higher concentrations on the English side of the Channel, is confirmed. The possible application of remote sensing techniques in the construction of a Severn Tidal Barrage is discussed, and other possibiliti ? Hoare, A.G.; 2002o Natural Harmony but Divided Loyalties: the Evolution of Estuary Management as Exemplified by the Severn Estuary 1-25 Applied Geography 22 1 Adaptation: Institutional Capacity
Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning
coastal management; Coastal fora; estuary; Management strategy; development; Coastal squeeze; severn; comparative; management;Y Recent progress made in applying environmental management to estuaries is reviewed. The characteristics of estuarine environments and existing tensions (their tendency to attract human activity and associated degradation) are described. Estuaries are difficult ecosystems in which to apply environmental management, but they also critically require such treatment, for reasons that are discussed, with emphasis on societal development. International progress toward establishing formal structures for estuary management is reviewed with particular attention to U.S., European, and U.K. examples. The case of the Severn Estuary, England, illustrates how imperative environmental management is, but also how fragmented the progress is in achieving such management. This case is linked with the broader debate regarding environmental and estuarine management. s Sƾ? ) Cari, J.J.W.
Philpott, S.L.
Jenkins, G.O. 2005( Marine Aggregates in the Bristol Channel 222-228
Urban Geology in Wales 2! Bassett, MG
Deisler, VK
Nichol, D Cardiff National Museum of Walesx Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry
aggregate; bathymetry; Bristol Channel; construction materials; dredging;
gravel deposits; marine industry; marine environment;
sediment dynamics;
marine sediments;
ocean circulation;
ocean floors;
production;
regulations;
sedimentation;
sediments;
Severn Estuary;, Geological Series - Natio
? Bridgland, D.R.
Sirocko, F. 2002C Special Issue arising from the Meeting of the Fluvial Archive Group 263-264 Geologie en Mijnbouw. 81 Utrecht, Netherlands, Netherlands Institute of Applied Geosciences Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Cenozoic;
Devensian;
fluvial
glacial;
IGCP;
interglacial environment;
isostatic rebound;
Mathon Formation;
Pleistocene;
paleoclimatology;
Quaternary;
sedimentation;
Severn Estuary; + The Pleistocene development of the lower Severn valley is recorded in the fluvial sediments of the Mathon and Severn Valley Formations and their relationship to the glacigenic Wolston (Oxygen Isotope Stage 12), Ridgacre (OIS 6) and Stockport (OIS 2) Formations. The most complete stratigraphical record is that of the Severn Valley Formation, which post-dates the Anglian Wolston Formation and comprises a flight of river terraces, the highest of which is c. 50 m above the present river. The terrace staircase indicates that the Severn has progressively incised its valley during the post-Anglian period. The terrace sediments are predominantly composed of fluvially deposited sands and gravels, largely the result of deposition in high-energy rivers under cold-climate conditions. Occasionally towards the base of these terrace deposits low-energy fluvial facies are preserved which contain faunal remains and yield geochronology which support their correlation with interglacial conditions. This simple stratigraphy supports a climate-driven model for the timing of terrace aggradation and incision, with the incision mode at its most effective during the cold-warm transitions and the aggradational mode at its most effective during warm-cold climate transitions. The chronology of terrace aggradation in the lower Severn seems to correspond with the Milankovitch 100 ka climate cycles. The timing of incision events suggests that base level (eustatic sea-level) changes do not play a significant role i.e. incision occurs as sea-level is rising. Although climate change is significant in governing the timing of incision, the long-term incision of the River Severn appears to be driven by crustal uplift. A long-term incision rate of 0.15 m ka (super -1) , calculated using the base of the terrace deposits, is believed to closely equate with the long-term uplift rate. Superimposed on this long-term uplift are periods of complex terrace sequence development resulting from rapid incision during periods of glacio-isostatic rebound, with large incision events reflecting the rebound adjustment to late glacial stage isostatic depression. However, in no case in the Severn valley has glacial encroachment led to enhanced incision, suggesting that there has been Habitats ?6 Williams, G. J. 1968} The Buried Channel and Superficial Deposits of the Lower Usk, and Their Correlation with Similar Features in the Lower Severn 325-348
Proc Geol Ass 79 3/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Mirect.com/science/article/B6V9R-4HNS631-8/2/9d0a21b069f9e05fd32acf056afb9aae WK 0? Murray, J.W.
Hawkins, A.B. 1976G Sediment Transport in the Severn Estuary during the past 8000-9000years 385-3985 Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society in London 132 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Sediment; sediment dynamics; sediment transport; severn; quarternary; holocene; paleoen'? Wang, P.;
Murray, J.W.; 1983L The use of foraminifera as indicators of tidal effects in estuarine deposits 239-250 Marine Geology 51 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Foraminifera; bioindicators; tidal; Severn; Estuarine; hydrodymanics; sediment dynamics; ( ? Harris, P.T.;
Colins, M.B.: 1988= Estimation of the annual bedload flux in a macrotidal estuary 237-252 Marine Geology 83 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; macrotidal; bedload flux; sediment; sediment transport; Bristol Channel; sediment dynamics; 7? Harris, PT;
Collins, M.B.; 1991a Sand transport in the Bristol Channel: bedload parting zone or mutuallyevasive transport pathways 209-216 Marine Geology 101 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
SEVERN;
Bristol Channel;
sediment;
sediment transport;
bedload parting zone; *s keyed from 1976 ASFA printed journals. 8daptation: Cost Benefit Analysis/Environmental Economics 9
0?
* South East Wales Strategic Planning Group, 2000; Strategic Planning Guidance for South East Wales. Volume 1 NRS11 S.# /? Stride, A.H.
Belderson, R.H. 1990] A reassessment of sand transport paths in the Bristol Channel and their regional significance 227-235 Marine Geology 92z Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; Bristol Channel; sediment; sediment transport; sedimentB3 0$?
Allen, J.R.L; 1987e Reworking of muddy intertidal sediments in the Severn Estuary, southwestern UK: a prelininary survey 1-23 Sedimentary Geology 50 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Bristol Channel;
sediments;
muddy;
intertidal;
sediment transport;
baseline;
sedZ^? Department of Energy, 1981# Tidal Power from the Severn Estuary 1 Department of Energy, London 46 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
Severn; Tidal; renewable energy; barrage; Energy; Department of Energy;
British Library; modeling; hydroelectric; tide; Energy Paper C_? Department of Energy, 1989* The Severn Barrage Project: General Report Department of Energy, London 57 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures
SEVERN; tidal; tidal power; barrage; renewable energy; Department of Energy; British Library; Energy Paper C ]|?
Taylor, S.J. 2002H The Severn Barrage - Definition Study for a New Appraisal of the ProjectS A report prepared by Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd. on behalf of Severn Tidal Power Group Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
SEVERN; STPG; tidal; tidal power; barrage; renewable energy; etsu; energy technology support u_? Various 1980# Tidal Power from the Severn Estuary Severn Barrage Committee; 46 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Severn; tidal power; renewable energy; tide; Barrage; SBC; energy policy; modeling; severn barrage committee; Energy Paper In 2 volumes ? Joint, I.R.; 1984, The microbial ecology of the Bristol Channel 62-66 Marine Pollution Bulletin 15 2v Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Microbes; SEVERN; ecology; biodiversity; baseline; biomass; ?
Halcrow 1998{ North Devon and Somerset Coastal Group. Bridgewater Bay to Bideford Shoreline Management Plan, Vol. 2—Studies and Results
Devon, U.K Sir William Halcrow and Partners Adaptation: Shoreline Management
North Devon; somerset; shoreline management plan; smp; bideford; bridgewater; coastal defence; coastal management; Halcrow;
North Devon and Somerset Coastal Group; erosion; flooding; sea-level; NDSCG; 3 &?3 ( Dyer, K.R.
Christie, M.C.
Wright, E. W. 2000) The classification of intertidal mudflats
1039-1060 Continental Shelf Research 20 10-11/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Twenty attributes of 18 mudflats from North-west Europe have been analysed statistically to establish a classification scheme. Correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis have revealed five effective levels of mudflat classification. The first level is obtained using tidal range as the discriminator. This is followed by sub-_ ? Warwick, R.M.
Uncles, R.J. 1980f The distribution of benthic macrofauna associations in the Bristol Channel in relation to tidal stress 97-103 Marine Ecology Progress Series 3 Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Benthic ecology; tidal; macrofauna; severn; Biodiversity; baseline; pz?
Hulme, M.;
Jenkins, G.J.;
Lu, X.;
Turnpenny, J.R.;
Mitchell, T.D.;
Jones, R.G.;
Lowe, J.;
Murphy, J.M.;
Hassell, D.;
Boorman, P.;
McDonald, R.;
Hill, S.; 2002/ Climate change scenarios for the United Kingdom University of East AngliaY Climate Change
Climate Change Scenarios; UK; Impact; Mitigation; Adaptation; Cost-benefit UKCIP02 Scientific Report L ?
Solomon, D.; 1988* Fish passage through Tidal Energy Barrages Energy Technology Support Unit, Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Adaptation: Infrastructure and Engineering
Tidal; renewable energy; Barrage; fish; fish passage; energy; etsu; harwell; technology; tidal power; TID 4056k l?
$ UK Office of Science and Technology, 2003X An Analysis of Future Risks of Flooding and Coastal Erosion for the UK between 2030-2100 London Department of Trade and Industry Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Adaptation: Shoreline Management
Flooding; coastal erosion; risk assessment; uk; foresight flood and coastal defence pi' pF? Wanklyn, M.; 1996Y The impact of transport facilities on the economies of English river ports, c.1660-c.1760 Economic History Review 49 1 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Adaptation: Cost Benefit Analysis/Environmental Economics
transport; port? Roberts, F.; 19826 Energy Accounting of River Severn Tidal Power Schemes 197-213 Applied Energy 11 3 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; electricity; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; economics; hydroelectric; barrage; economics; ? Baker, R.; 1982$ Tidal Power from the Severn Estuary 94-97 Polit Quart 53 1[ Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; energy policy;? Allen, J.R.L.; 2000r Morphodynamics of Holocene Salt Marshes: a review sketch from the Atlantic and Southern North Sea Coasts of Europe 1155-1231 Quarternary Science Review 19 12 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Sediment; Accretion; Holocene; stabilisation; Flandrian; shoreline; modeling; tidal; estuary; Severn; sea-level; sediment dynamics; salt marshes; wetland; paleoenvironments; August Salt marshes, most now embanked, together with genetically related wetlands and high intertidal flats, make a major environmental contribution to the lowland coasts of Northwest Europe. They occur in many different contexts, but chiefly on open and barrier coasts and in estuaries and embayments, and range greatly in scale, from a modest total that measure hundreds of square kilometres in individual extent, to an enormous number each of an area no greater than tens to a few hundred hectares.
These marshes and associated environments are under complex natural controls and experienced from the mid-Holocene onward human exploitation and, increasingly, interference. The main external controls are the sea-level, tidal and sediment-supply regimes. Intrinsic infuences are provided by the halophytic vegetation and sediment autocompaction. Upward sea-level movements and autocompaction combine to provide accomodation space within which marshes build upward. Field data and simulation modelling show that youthful mineralogenic marshes grow up rapidly and can mature within a few hundred years of inception. They consist of a vegetated platform dissected typically by extensive networks of blind-ended, branching tidal creeks and gullies. The how-resistant surface vegetation, shaping the combined wave-tide boundary layer on the platforms, both traps and binds tidally introduced mineral sediment, but also contributes an organic component of indigenous origin to the deposit. When sea-level becomes stable or falls, however, in response to century-millennial scale fluctuations, the organic sediment component becomes dominant and mineralogenic marshes are transformed into organogenic ones. Organogenic marshes normally display a considerable range of sub-environments which create much spatial variation in the peat facies which accumulate. At an advanced stage, domed raised bogs, rising significantly above the general landscape, may appear on the marshes. Because peat is such a porous and permeable sediment, and there is little or no tidal inundation, organogenic marshes in Northwest Europe typically lack surface channels for internal drainage.
The stratigraphic sequences accumulated during the Holocene beneath coastal marshes and high tidal flats typically present an alternation on a vertical scale of decimetres to metres of silts (mineralogenic marshes, high intertidal mudflats) and peats (organogenic highest intertidal-supratidal marshes). Coastal barriers and some channels are represented by local accumulations of sand and/or gravel. The silts and peats form couplets which are generally considered to be related to fluctuations of sea-level about the general upward trend. Field investigations and modelling show that, in areas where marshes are mature, the upward change from an organogenic to a sequence of mineralogenic marshes (transgressive overlaps) is accompanied by the initiation and invasive development of a branching network of tidal creeks. These decay and infill during the reversal of the environmental sequence and the approach, expressed as a series of repressive overlaps, of the next set of peat-forming conditions. The operation of the continuous, progressive, irreversible and asymptotic process of sediment autocompaction exerts a major, secondary control on depositional regimes and marsh behaviour. A variety of local responses are consequently possible in an extensive marsh, even though the marsh may be everywhere in dynamic equilibrium with environmental factors. Autocompaction also strongly shapes the character of Holocene coastal sequences as now perceived, introducing significant stratigraphic distortions and displacements which, for the time being, limit the accuracy of sea-level curves and rates of sea-lever change based on dated intercalated peats.
Prehistoric humans benefitted from the resources of coastal salt marshes, especially at the times when peat marshes begin to be transgressed. Feat domes not yet fully collapsed may have provided vantage points for seasonal ocupancy or even settlement from which the richer resource of the mineralogenic marshes developing on lower ground could be exploited. Increasing human interference on salt marshes over the last millennium, chiefly through wholesale land-claim and set-back, augmented by rising sea levels and continuing autocompaction, has led to a variety of poorly understood but generally deleterious effects in the lowland coastal zone. These include major changes to tidal and sedimentary regimes. z[ pF? Anon 2005 Tacking the Severn Estuary Int Gas Engineering Management 45 3
Mitigation: Renewables
renewable energy; Tidal; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; harmonic analysis; energy policy; Welsh Assembly; hydroelectric; modeling; environmental impact; impact; technology; barrage; power station; cost; feasibility stu? Haslett, S.K.; 2005n Holocene Floodplain Sediments and Associated Archaeology of the Olway Valley (Gwent, UK): An Excavation Report 5-20 Monmouthshire Anitiquary 21 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment; holocene; paleoenvironments; sediment dynamics; flood; archeology; antiquities; Gwent; Olway; excavation; 4 ? Haslett, S.K.; 2003x Earl to mid Holocene (Mesolithic-Neolithic) Development of the Olway Valley (Gwent, UK) and its Archeological Potential. 3-19 Monmouthshire Anitiquary 14l Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
archeology; antiquities; development; Gwent; olway;~
? Bryant, E.A.;
Haslett, S.K.; 2003f Was the AD 1607 coastal flooding event inthe Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel (UK) due to a tsunami? 163-167 Archeology in the Severn Estuary 13 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
flood; coastal flooding; coastal defence; archeology; tsunami; 1607; Severn; Bristol Channel; F? Haslett, S.K.;
Bryant, E.A.; 2004t The AD 1607 coastal flood in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary; Historical Records from Devon and Cornwall (UK) Archeology in the Severn Estuary 15 81-89 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
flood; coastal flooding; coastal defence; tsunami; 1607; Severn; Bristol Channel; _ ? k Henderson, P. A.
Seaby, R.M. 2005 The role of climate in determining the temporal variation in abundance, recruitment and growth of Solea solea in the Bristol Channel 197-204B Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Climate Change
Climate change; biodiversity; solea solea; sole; abundance; recruitment; fish; environmental impact; population studies; fauna; Bristol Channel; Fc? . Vinagre, C.
Franca, S.
Costa M.J.
Cabral, H.N. 2005 Niche overlap between juvenile flatfishes, Platichthys flesus, and Solea solea, in a southern European estuary and adjacent waters 114-120 Journal of Applied Icthyology 21 2 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Platichthys flesus; solea solea; ecology; biodiversity; estuary; niche; juvenile; flatfish; comparative; Duoro; Portugal; April The distribution and abundance patterns as well as the feeding ecology of two flatfishes, Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758), were studied in the Douro estuary and adjacent coastal waters (Portugal) in order to evaluate the niche overlap between these species. Fish were collected during sampling surveys conducted every 2 months between November 2000 and March 2002 using a 12-m otter-trawl with 18 mm stretched mesh size, at 12 sites within the estuary and six sites in the adjacent coastal area. The highest densities of P. flesus were registered in the middle estuary; a peak density of 9.12 ind 1000 m-2 was obtained in October 2001. Solea solea densities were low compared with P. flesus; the highest values were also recorded in the middle estuary in October 2001. For both species, the proportion of juveniles was above 90% within the estuary. Highest densities of P. flesus and S. solea were recorded at sites with low water depth and high densities of crustaceans and polychaetes, the main food items in the diet of these species. High values of spatial and diet niche overlap were found between these two flatfishes (0.97 and 0.92, respectively). ? Maitland, P.S.
Lyle, A.A. 2005f Ecology of the Alis shad (Allosa allosa) and Twaite shad (Allosa fallax) in the Solway Firth, Scotland 205-221 Hydrobiologica 534 1-3 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; macrofauna; ecology; fish; Comparative; Solway Firth; allosa fallax; allosa allosa; Twaite shad; Alis shad; February; The basis of this study were 132 adult Allis Shad and 150 Twaite Shad collected as bycatches from salmon stake nets in Scotland on the north side of the Solway Firth. Most (60%) of the Allis Shad were immature fish 2?3 years of age (mean length 305 mm). Mature males were younger (3?5 years) and smaller (mean length 421 mm) than females (4?6 years and 481 mm mean length). The largest Allis Shad was a female of 515 mm and 2183 g. In contrast, almost all the Twaite Shad were mature, the males younger (3?5 years) and smaller (mean length 341 mm) than the females (4?6 years and 364 mm mean length). The largest Twaite Shad was a female of 400 mm and 1213 g. The food of Allis Shad consisted mainly of small zooplankton with some fish and larger Crustacea. Fine vegetable fragments were common in the stomachs and attributed to filter feeding. The food of Twaite Shad was mainly small fish with some Crustacea. Mature Allis Shad of both sexes with large gonads (maximum female GSI: 20.63) were found throughout the spring and summer but no definite evidence of local spawning was obtained. Mature Twaite Shad of both sexes with large gonads (maximum female GSI: 23.32) were found until early July, thereafter most of the fish were spent. It appears that Twaite Shad spawn locally in June. Some hybrids between the two species were found. T ? Wade, R.; 2006_ Climate change and the Severn Estuary. A presentation at the first annual Severn Estuary Forum- powerpoint presentation by Environment Agency 4th December 2006A Climate Change
Mitigation
Adaptation: Strategic Policy & PlanningG http://www.severnestuary.net/sep/severnwonders/Forum%20Files/wade.ppt#2? Dark, P.
Allen, J.R.L. 2005 Seasonal deposition of Holocene banded sediments in the Severn Estuary Levels (southwest Britain): palynological and sedimentological evidence 11-33 Quarternary Science Review 24 1-2 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn; Sediment; palynology; Holocene; paleoenvironments; Gwent; estuarine; Severn Estuary Levels; January Banded sediments outcrop widely in the intertidal zone of the Severn Estuary and have been suggested, on the basis of textural analysis, to have formed in response to seasonal variations in sea temperature and windiness (Holocene, 14 (2004) 536). Here palynological and sedimentological analyses of banded sediments of mid-Holocene date from Gold Cliff, on the Welsh side of the Severn Estuary, are combined to test and further develop the hypothesis of seasonal deposition. Pollen percentage and concentration data are presented from a short sequence of bands to establish whether textural variations in the bands coincide with variations in pollen content reflecting seasonal flowering patterns. It is shown that fine-grained band parts contain higher total pollen concentrations, and a higher proportion of pollen from late spring- to summer-flowering plants, than coarse-grained band parts. Pollen in the coarser deposits appears primarily to reflect deposition from the buffering `reservoir' of suspended pollen in the estuarine water-body and from rivers, when there is little pollen in the air in winter, while the finer sediments contain pollen deposited from the atmosphere during the flowering season, superimposed on these `background' sources. The potential of such deposits for refining chronologies and identifying seasonality of coastal processes is noted, and the results of charcoal particle analysis of the bands presented as an example of how they have the potential to shed light on seasonal and annual patterns of human activity.
0277-3791
? 2 Temmerman, S.;
Govers, G.;
Wartel, S.;
Meire, P.; 2004 Modelling estuarine variations in tidal marsh sedimentation: response to changing sea level and suspended sediment concentrations 1-19 Marine Geology 212 1-4 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
modeling; salt marsh; accretion; estuarine; Scheldt; comparative; sea-level; tidal; tss; sediment; sediment dynamics; November 30th ; This study presents the validation of a zero-dimensional time-stepping physically based model (MARSED) to simulate the varying rates of long-term (10-100 years) tidal marsh accumulation within an estuary. First, field data on long-term tidal marsh accumulation were collected for 25 marsh sites scattered along the Scheldt estuary (NW Europe), based on old topographic data and radiometric and paleoenvironmental dating of sediment cores. The field data showed that estuarine marshes accumulate at highly varying rates depending on (1) the age of the marsh, (2) estuarine variations in mean high water-level (MHWL) rise, and (3) variations in suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs). As a general mechanism, young low marsh surfaces accumulate quickly and asymptotically up to an equilibrium level around MHWL. After this, high old marshes accumulate much slower at rates that are comparable to local MHWL rise. Furthermore, marsh accumulation rates are higher in the inner part than in the outer part of the estuary. This difference can be attributed to the faster MHWL rise and higher SSC values in the inner estuary. Second, the MARSED model was validated against the field data. The model was able to simulate the observed variations in marsh accumulation rates with good accuracy. Furthermore, the model allows to quantify the combined effect of sea-level change and SSC on variations in accumulation rates: they showed that tidal marshes can maintain their equilibrium elevation around MHWL, only if incoming SSC is high enough. Finally, the model allows to predict marsh accumulation rates in response to changing environmental conditions. Simulations for the next 100 years suggest that the tidal marshes in the Scheldt estuary will be able to keep up with the rising MHWL, unless MHWL rise would increase and SSC would decrease importantly.
' ? Attrill, M.J.;
Power, M.; 2004J Partitioning of temperature resources amongst an estuarine fish assemblage 725-738$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 61 4 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Climate Change Impacts: Species
temperature; biodiversity; fauna; fish; baseline; population studies; ecosystem; ecology; fish; habitat; estuary; abundance; December Temperature (i.e. habitat at any given temperature) is an ecological resource for which organisms compete to maximise growth and other fitness measures, but the temperature (thermal habitat)-resource concept has not been widely applied to the study of estuarine fish. Temperature-abundance relationships for 16 fish and four invertebrate species from the Thames estuary were analysed to test hypotheses regarding temperature resource partitioning. Significant temperature-a bun dance models were apparent, explaining >65% of the variability in 13 fish species and 50% of variability in three invertebrate species. Fish demonstrated differential responses to temperature across the range. Invertebrates generally preferred warmer conditions than fish. Calculated thermal niche breadths indicated species preferenda spread across the recorded temperature range and some separation along the thermal niche axis within the same functional guild or taxonomic group. Calculated overlap coefficients and resource separation ratios provided some evidence for resource separation and demonstrated that species closely aligned on other niche axes (e.g. physical habitat use, feeding type) were most likely to be separated in terms of their use of thermal habitat resources, suggesting where other niche axes variables are not separating species, division of the temperature resources may be preventing competition between fish species. Few fish species demonstrated significant overlap with potential invertebrate prey, suggesting facultative use of the estuary to exploit optimal thermal habitat rather than food supply. The temporal migration pattern of fish in estuaries is therefore interpreted as a response to resource separation along the temperature axis which limits potential competition between functionally or taxonomically similar species. Thermal resource partitioning in estuaries has temporal rather than spatial dimensions and provides an example of the niche compression/expansion hypothesis. 0272-7714 Attrill MJ (reprint author), University of Plymouth, School of Biological Sciences, Marine Biology & Ecolog ? 2 Maes, J.;
Van Damme, S.;
Meire, P.;
Ollevier, F.; 2004w Statistical modeling of seasonal and environmental influences on the population dynamics of an estuarine fish community 1033 - 1042 Marine Biology 145 5 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
modeling; Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; estuary; ecology; fish; Scheldt; abundance; habitat; water quality; OctoberJ A statistical modeling study was performed on the population fluctuations of the 15 commonest fish species frequenting the tidal Scheldt estuary in Belgium. These included marine juvenile and seasonal visitors, estuarine residents and diadromous fish species that were recorded on the filter screens of a power plant cooling-water intake between September 1991 and April 2001. The species population abundance was regressed against a candidate set of 6 environmental variables and 13 instrumental variables, accounting for seasonality and long-term trends present in the data. Population abundances of the different species were, in general, best described by seasonal variables. Seasonal components contributed, on average, up to 63.8% of the variance explained by the models. Ten species were found to show a slightly negative, though significant, trend over the period of the survey. Most models also included at least one environmental variable, and 25.4% of the explained variance could be attributed to environmental fluctuations. Of all physico-chemical variables, dissolved oxygen was the most important predictor of fish abundance, suggesting that the estuary suffered from poor water quality during the survey. Temperature, salinity, freshwater flow, suspended solids and chlorophyll a concentrations were minor determinants of fish abundance. 0025-3162g T? Pye, K.;
Allen, J.R.L.; 2000O Coastal & Estuarine Environments: Sedimentology, Geomorphology & Geoarchaeology 470 Pye, K.;
Allen, J.R.L.;# Geological Society Publishing House Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
sediment; archeology; coastal geomorphology; sediment ? Horton, B.P.;
Edwards, R.J.; 2001P Quantitative Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction Techniques in Sea-level Studies 105-120! Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 11b Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
sea-level; paleoenvironments; climate change; dating techniques; dy; sluice gates; April 19 F? < Southall, E.J.
Southward, A.J.
Henderson, P.A.
Hawkins, S.J. 2004S Regional climatic warming drives long-term community changes of British marine fish 655-661I Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences 271 1539 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Climate Change: Regional/Local
climate change; Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; ecology; fish; estuary; abundance; Temperature; habitat; Impact; T Climatic change has been implicated as the cause of abundance fluctuations in marine fish populations worldwide, but the effects on whole communities are poorly understood. We examined the effects of regional climatic change on two fish assemblages using independent datasets from inshore marine (English Channel, 1913-2002) and estuarine environments (Bristol Channel, 1981-2001). Our results show that climatic change has had dramatic effects on community composition. Each assemblage contained a subset of dominant species whose abundances were strongly linked to annual mean sea-surface temperature. Species' latitudinal ranges were not good predictors of species-level responses, however, and the same species did not show congruent trends between sites. This suggests that within a region, populations of the same species may respond differently to climatic change, possibly owing to additional local environmental determinants, interspecific ecological interactions and dispersal capacity. This will make species-level responses difficult to predict within geographically differentiated communities.
0962-8452 D? ! V Genner, M.J.;
Sims, D.W.;
Wearmouth, V.J.;
Riddle, A.M.;
Robinson, P.F.;
Lewis, J.O.; 2005Y A pollutant dispersion model for the Severn Estuary: Set-up, verification and application ECSA Meeting Plymouth, UK Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
environmental assessment; water quality; pollution; pollutants; hydrodymanics; Severn; estuarine; Modeling;D? ! * Brown, R.
Swarbrick, R.
Field, M.
Dyer, K. 2005Y Long-term ecological monitoring of industrial effluent discharges to the Severn Estuary. ECSA Meeting Plymouth, UK Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
bioindicators; modeling; industry; effluent; sewage; ecology; baseline; environmental assessment; severn; hydrodymanics; pollutants; water quality; D? ! Henderson, P.A.; 2005[ Predicting the effects of climate change on the community structure of the Bristol Channel. ECSA Conference Plymouth Climate Change: Regional/Local
Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Integrated Assessment
climate change; Impact; biodiversity; ecology; estuary; Severn; Bristol Channel; food web; E Pisces Conservation Ltd & Department of Zoology, University of Oxford ? # Thiel, R.;
Cabral, H.;
Costa, M.J.; 2003 Composition, temporal changes and ecological guild classification of the ichthyofaunas of large European estuaries - a comparison between the Tagus (Portugal) and the Elbe (Germany) 330-342 Journal of Applied Ichthyology 19 5 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Biodiversity; baseline; population studies; estuary; ecology; fish; fauna; climate change; comparative; Elbe; Tagus; impact; Oct 0175-8659 ? / McLaren, P.
Collins, M.B.
Gao, S.
Powys, R.I.L. 1993A Sediment dynamics of the Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel 589-604! Journal of the Geological Society 150 3 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
sediment; sediment dynamics; Bristol channel; estuarine; modeling; sediment transport; erosion; May| Net sediment transport pathways have been determined in many environments by studying grain size trends. This approach is extended here to an inner shelf environment, with improved statistical techniques. Patterns of net surficial sediment transport are proposed, indicating that the area is dominated by up-estuary transport. Exceptions exist in the form of radial mud transport at the river mouths and (clockwise) sand circulation around linear sandbanks. Six different sedimentary environments are defined on the basis of the shape of the 'transfer function' and its relationship to the grain size distributions. Erosion takes place along the axis of the estuary. Dynamic equilibrium is reached around the linear sandbanks, whilst accretion occurs at the head of the estuary and where there are riverine inputs. The results are compared with numerical model outputs, representing water movement and sediment transport. Over the seaward part of the study area, there is agreement between the two approaches; contradictions increase, however, towards the upper reaches of the estuary. The discrepancies can be attributed to: (1) inherent differences between patterns of water and sediment movement; (2) difficulties in modelling intertidal boundary conditions; (3) inadequate representation of river influences in the models; and (4) time-scale differences, associated with sediment transport processes. l ? RSPB Cymru, 2006> Severn Barrage environmental concerns shared by UK Government 2006 6th December Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
renewable energy; tidal power; Severn; Bristol channel; energy policy; Welsh Assembly; environmental impact; impact; birds; rspb; barrage; Conservation;6 http://www.rspb.org.uk/wales/policy/severnconcerns.asp D? D Norton, T.;.
Kirkup, N.;
Ayling, G.;
Merry, S.;
Parry, M.;
John, J.; 2006 Severn Energy Symposium Severn Energy Symposium Gloucestershire County Council Gloucestershire Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal 1st November 2006` A debate about using the River Severn to generate some of the UK's energy supply took place in Gloucestershire on 1 November 2006. Gloucestershire County Council hosted the event, which brought together environmentalists, scientists and wildlife experts to discuss energy generation and the River Severn.
At the centre of the debate was a proposal for a Severn Barrage, which would provide around seven per cent of the UK's energy requirements and go a long way to meeting the Government's renewable energy target - that 10 per cent of the country's electricity supply comes from renewable sources by 2010. http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/media/adobe_acrobat/f/t/Tony_Norton.ppt
http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/media/adobe_acrobat/8/3/Nicola_Kirkup.ppt
http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/media/adobe_acrobat/t/r/Graham_Ayling.ppt
http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/media/adobe_acrobat/1/s/Stephanie_Merry.ppt
http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/media/adobe_acrobat/e/1/Morgan_Parry.ppt
http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/media/adobe_acrobat/q/q/John_Redman.ppt
http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/media/adobe_acrobat/9/6/Flyer.pdf
http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/media/adobe_acrobat/q/b/Greenpeace_letter.pdf
http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/media/adobe_acrobat/6/9/Speakers.pdf D? ! ( Reynard, N.S.
Prudhomme, C.
Crooks, S.M. 1998d The potential impacts of climate change on the flood characteristics of a large catchment in the UK.4 Second International Conference on Climate and Water Helsinki, Finland Climate Change: Regional/Local
Severn; impact; flooding; risk assessment; vulnerability; estuarine;
Climate Change: Regional/Local
Integrated Assessment J Proceedings of the Conference published; this paper fo :D?
IPPC, 20073 Climate Change Assessment: Fourth Assessment Report Synthesis Report, Working Group I Report "The Physical Science Basis", Working Group II Report "Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Working Group III Report "Mitigation of Climate Change" Gevena IPPCb Climate Change
Mitigation
Adaptation
Risk Assessment; Vulnerability; Impact; Environmental Impact;6 http://www.ipcc.? @ Wanless, S.
Frederiksen, M.
Daunt, F.
Scott, B. E.
Harris, M. P. 2007o Black-legged kittiwakes as indicators of environmental change in the North Sea: Evidence from long-term studies 30-38 Progress in Oceanography 72 1 Climate Change Impacts: Species ? Orford, J. D.
Pethick, J. 2006K Challenging assumptions of future coastal habitat development around the UK 1625-1642% Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31 13 Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
Adaptation: Shoreline Management One habitat management requirement forced by 21st century relative sea-level rise (RSLR), will be the need to re-comprehend the dimensions of long-term transgressive behaviour of coastal systems being forced by such RSLR. Fresh approaches to the conceptual modelling and subsequent implementation of new coastal and peri-marine habitats will be required. There is concern that existing approaches to forecasting coastal systems development (and by implication their associated scarce coastal habitats) over the next century depend on a certain premise of orderly spatial succession of habitats. This assumption is shown to be questionable given the possible future rates of RSLR, magnitude of shoreline retreat and the lack of coastal sediment to maintain the protective morphologies to low-energy coastal habitats. Of these issues, sediment deficiency is regarded as one of the major problem for future habitat development. Examples of contemporary behaviour of UK coasts show evidence of coastal sediment starvation resulting from relatively stable RSLR, anthropogenic sealing of coastal sources, and intercepted coastal sediment pathways, which together force segmentation of coastal systems. From theses examples key principles are deduced which may prejudice the existence of future habitats: accelerated future sediment demand due to RSLR may not be met by supply and, if short- to medium-term hold-the-line policies predominate, long-term strategies for managed realignment and habitat enhancement may prove impossible goals. Methods of contemporary sediment husbandry may help sustain some habitats in place but otherwise, instead of integrated coastal organization, managers may need to consider coastal breakdown, segmentation and habitat reduction as the basis of 21st century coastal evolution and planning^ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33750861051&partnerID=40&rel=R5.5.0 ? e Townend, I.
Sayers, P. B.
Hinton, C.
Panzeri, M. C.
Cooper, N.
Nicholls, R. J.
Thorne, C. R.
Simm, J. 2006K OST foresight report: A futures analysis of UK coastal flooding and erosion 1-18 International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005: Harmonising Scale and Detail - Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005 2006/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment f? Z Birchenough, S. N. R.
Boyd, S. E.
Coggan, R. A.
Limpenny, D. S.
Meadows, W. J.
Rees, H. L. 2006 Lights, camera and acoustics: Assessing macrobenthic communities at a dredged material disposal site off the North East coast of the UK 204-216 Journal of Marine Systems 62 3-49 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems $ ?
Moller, I. 2006r Quantifying saltmarsh vegetation and its effect on wave height dissipation: Results from a UK East coast saltmarsh 337-351$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 69 3-4Q Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats ? Aubry, A.
Elliott, M. 2006 The use of environmental integrative indicators to assess seabed disturbance in estuaries and coasts: Application to the Humber Estuary, UK 175-185 Marine Pollution Bulletin 53 1! Climate Change Impacts: Habitats K ? Edwards, R. J.
Horton, B. P. 2006 Developing detailed records of relative sea-level change using a foraminiferal transfer function: An example from North Norfolk, UK 973-991V Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (Series A) 364 1841! Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level t ? h Holman, I. P.
Rounsevell, M. D. A.
Shackley, S.
Harrison, P. A.
Nicholls, R. J.
Berry, P. M.
Audsley, E. 2005 A regional, multi-sectoral and integrated assessment of the impacts of climate and socio-economic change in the UK: Part I. Methodology 9-41 Climatic Change 71 1-2F Climate Change
Climate Change: Regional/Local
Integrated Assessment
? Tsimplis, M. N.
Woolf, D. K.
Osborn, T. J.
Wakelin, S.
Wolf, J.
Flather, R.
Shaw, A. G. P.
Woodworth, P.
Challenor, P.
Blackman, D.
Pert, F.
Yan, Z.
Jevrejeva, S. 2005s Towards a vulnerability assessment of the UK and northern European coasts: The role of regional climate variability 1329-1358V Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (Series A) 363 1831V Climate Change
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Integrated Assessment Within the framework of a Tyndall Centre research project, sea level and wave changes around the UK and in the North Sea have been analysed. This paper integrates the results of this project. Many aspects of the contribution of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) to sea level and wave height have been resolved. The NAO is a major forcing parameter for sea-level variability. Strong positive response to increasing NAO was observed in the shallow parts of the North Sea, while slightly negative response was found in the southwest part of the UK. The cause of the strong positive response is mainly the increased westerly winds. The NAO increase during the last decades has affected both the mean sea level and the extreme sea levels in the North Sea. The derived spatial distribution of the NAO-related variability of sea level allows the development of scenarios for future sea level and wave height in the region. Because the response of sea level to the NAO is found to be variable in time across all frequency bands, there is some inherent uncertainty in the use of the empirical relationships to develop scenarios of future sea level. Nevertheless, as it remains uncertain whether the multi-decadal NAO variability is related to climate change, the use of the empirical relationships in developing scenarios is justified. The resulting scenarios demonstrate: (i) that the use of regional estimates of sea level increase the projected range of sea-level change by 50% and (ii) that the contribution of the NAO to winter sea-level variability increases the range of uncertainty by a further 10-20 cm. On the assumption that the general circulation models have some skill in simulating the future NAO change, then the NAO contribution to sea-level change around the UK is expected to be very small (> 4 cm) by 2080. Wave heights are also sensitive to the NAO changes, especially in the western coasts of the UK. Under the same scenarios for future NAO changes, the projected significant wave-height changes in the northeast Atlantic will exceed 0.4 m. In addition, wave-direction changes of around 20° per unit NAO index have been documented for one location. Such changes raise the possibility of consequential alteration of coastal erosion. Q? Allen, J.R.L 1996 The sequence of early land-claims on the Walland and Romney Marshes, southern Britain: a preliminary hypothesis and some implications 271-280 ) Proceedings of the Geologists Association 107h Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
? Beckinsale, R.P.
Richardson, L. 1964C Recent findings on physical development of the lower Severn Valley 87-105 Geographical Journal 130 Q Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment B
? ] Haslett, S.K.
Davies, P.
Curr, R.H.F.
Davies, C.F.C.
Kennington, K.
King, C.P.
Margetts, A.J. 1998[ Evaluating late-Holocene reltive sea-level change in the Somerset Levels, southwest Britain 197-207 The Holcene 8R Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment ? Bell, M. 19954 Field survey and excavation at Goldcliff, Gwent 1994 115-165 ! Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 68 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage ? Bell, M.
Neumann, H. 19982 Intertidal survey in the Welsh Severn Estuary 1997 13-28 " Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 88 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage / ? Hewlett, R.
Birnie, J. 1996 Holocene environmental change in the inner Severn Estuary, UK: an example of the response of estuarine sedmentation to relative sea-level change 49-61 The Holocene 6R Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment ? Kidson, C.
Heyworth, A. 19733 The Flandrian sea-level rise in the Bristol Channel 565-584! Proceedings of the Ussher Society 2! Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level D?
Rippon, S. 19963 Gwent Levels: the evolution of a wetland landscape. CBA Research Report No. 105 CBA9 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage W Ul? Scaife, R. G.
Long, A. J. 1995L Evidence for Holocene sea-level changes at Caldicot Pill, the Seven Estuary. 81-86d Archaeology in the Seven estuary 1994. Annual report of the Seven Estuary Levels Research Committee. Bell, M. Z Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
B?
- Babtie Brown & Root,
ABPMer,
Royal Haskoning, 2005 Severn Estuary, Coastal Habitat Management Plan (CHaMP) Phase 1 Report: Conceptual Understanding, Habitat Inventory and Habitat Behavioural Units. Environment AgencyQ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats D? Green, R.D. 1968 Soils of Romney Marsh+ Soil Survey of Great Britain Bulletin No. 4! Climate Change Impacts: Habitats ? 5 Hawkins, A.B.
Larnach, W.J.
Lloyd, I.M.
Nash, D.F.T. 1989Y Selecting the location, and the initial investigation of the SERC soft clay test bed site 281-316 ( Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 22/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment /? * Ruddock, P. J.
Bird, D. J.
McCalley, D. V. 2002e Bile metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in three species of fish from the severn estuary 97-105& Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 51 2J Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants r? ) Rotchell, J. M.
Bird, D. J.
Newton, L. C. 1999 Seasonal variation in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in European eels Anguilla anguilla and flounders Pleuronectes flesus from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel 263-270 Marine Ecology Progress Series 190J Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants ? Hill, T. 2006B The Quaternary Evolution of the Gordano Valley, North Somerset, UK PhD Bristol UWER Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Unpublished PhD thesis ; ? 9 Hill, T.C.B.
Woodland, W.A.
Spencer, C.D.
Marriott, S.B. 2007 Holocene sea-level change in the Severn Estuary, southwest England: a diatom-based sea-level transfer function for macrotidal settings 639-648 The Holocene 17 5R Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Stok ? P Hill, T.
Woodland, W.
Spencer, C.D.
Case, D.
Marriott, S.
Bridle, A.
Brown, H. 2006: Late Quaternary environmental change in the Gordano Valley 115-143& The Quaternary of Somerset Field Guide Hunt, C.O.
Haslett, S.K. Quaternary Research Association.R Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment ? i McAnally, W. H.
Friedrichs, C.
Hamilton, D.
Hayter, E.
Shrestha, P.
Rodriguez, H.
Sheremet, A.
Teeter, A. 2007r Management of fluid mud in estuaries, bays, and lakes. I: Present state of understanding on character and behavior 9-22 Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 133 1/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Fluid mud is a high concentration aqueous suspension of fine-grained sediment in which settling is substantially hindered. It constitutes a significant management problem in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and shelves by impeding navigation, reducing water quality and damaging equipment. Fluid mud accumulations have been observed in numerous locations worldwide, including Savannah Harbor, U.S., the Severn Estuary, U.K., and the Amazon River Delta, Brazil. This paper describes the present state of knowledge on fluid mud characteristics, processes, and modeling. Fluid mud consists of water, clay-sized particles, and organic material and displays a variety of rheological behaviors ranging from elastic to pseudo-plastic. It forms by three principle mechanisms: (1) the rate of sediment aggregation and settling into the near-bottom layer exceeds the dewatering rate of the suspension; (2) soft sediment beds fluidized by wave agitation; and (3) convergence of horizontally advected suspensions. Once formed, fluid mud is transported vertically by entrainment and horizontally by shear flows, gravity, and streaming. If not resuspended, it slowly consolidates to form bed material. Quantitative relationships have been formulated for key fluid mud formation and movement mechanisms, but they rely on empirical coefficients that are often site- or situation-specific and are not generally transferable. Research to define general relationships is needed. © 2007 ASCE. ? N Duquesne, S.
Newton, L. C.
Giusti, L.
Marriott, S. B.
Stark, H. J.
Bird, D. J. 2006 Evidence for declining levels of heavy-metals in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, U.K. and their spatial distribution in sediments 187-196 Environmental Pollution 143 2I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants@ Levels of heavy-metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) in suspended particulate and in surface and subsurface sediments were determined at seven locations in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. Sediment metal concentrations were highest at sites close to industrial centres but levels have decreased significantly over the last 30 years so that they are now close to, or meet, environmental quality guidelines. The greatest metal concentrations in deposited sediments were usually associated with the finest particulates at locations with muddy sediments, but this was not always true at sites with predominantly sandy sediments. The metals bound to suspended particulates at all sites were remarkably consistent, presumably reflecting the mixing capacity of this macro-tidal estuary. The re-exposure of older, more contaminated sediments could explain the observed differences between deposited and suspended material. Sediment redistribution due to strong seasonal currents might also explain the differences between winter and summer samples. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.? Kirby, R.
Shaw, T. L. 2005. Severn barrage, UK - Environmental reappraisal 31-39K Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers: Engineering Sustainability 158 1V Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems The biological and chemical regimes of the Severn Estuary are severely stressed by its physical regime. Estuarine flora and fauna naturally adapt to habitat conditions. The Severn is dynamic and turbid to such a degree, however, as to put it beyond the tolerance of most species. The foreshores have an exceptionally low carrying capacity for shorebirds and provide poor feeding and nursery areas for fish. Parts of the subtidal bed regime are barren and few support any live organisms. The turbid water excludes sunlight and suppresses dissolved oxygen. The ecosystem is limited to the most hardy and immature estuarine organisms and these are only present as a result of continual recruitment from the Bristol Channel. Furthermore, combined sea level rise, increased storminess and foreshore erosion are sustaining the downward spiral in ecosystem biodiversity. This severe suppression is natural; it is not induced by anthropogenic contaminants. Should a tidal power barrage be built, mean water level and shelter would increase and current strengths diminish. Large-scale reductions in suspended load and greater bed stability would encourage colonisation. Mixed substrates would develop, leading to biodiverse and abundant invertebrate and vertebrate communities. It is unusual for a major engineering project to result in the large-scale invasion of a suppressed ecosystem by organisms; this is an inevitable consequence of this project. d ? * Williams, A. T.
Tudor, D. T.
Randerson, P. 2003; Beach litter sourcing in the Bristol channel and Wales, U.K 387-408 Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 143 1-4I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminantsa Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were carried out on beach litter found primarily along the Bristol Channel, U.K., together with beaches located around the Principality of Wales. Both techniques indicated three beach survey sites as outliers, with distinctive beach litter profiles. PCA distinguished between riverine, sewage related, fishing and shipping sourced items, but did not produce a coherent grouping for beach user litter. This was attributed to a difference in modes of transport. Beaches from mid and north Wales, which had small litter amounts, were not differentiated from the central grouping. The western edge of the Channel was more heavily influenced by shipping and fishing inputs than was the eastern portion. Cluster analysis showed a discrete group of beaches located mainly on the southern side of the Bristol Channel. P ?
Uncles, R. J. 2002G Estuarine physical processes research: Some recent studies and progress 829-856$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 55 6/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sedimentu The literature on estuarine physical studies is vast, diverse and contains many valuable case studies in addition to pure, process-based research. This essay is an attempt to summarize both some of the more recent studies that have been undertaken during the last several years, as well as some of the trends in research direction and progress that they represent. The topics covered include field and theoretical studies on hydrodynamics, turbulence, salt and fine sediment transport and morphology. The development and ease-of-application of numerical and analytical models and technical software has been essential for much of the progress, allowing the interpretation of large amounts of data and assisting with the understanding of complex processes. The development of instrumentation has similarly been essential for much of the progress with field studies. From a process viewpoint, much more attention is now being given to interpreting intratidal behaviour, including the effects of tidal straining and suspended fine sediment on water column stratification, stability and turbulence generation and dissipation. Remote sensing from satellites and aircraft, together with fast sampling towed instruments and high frequency radar now provide unique, frequently high resolution views of spatial variability, including currents, frontal and plume phenomena, and tidal and wave-generated turbidity. Observations of fine sediment characteristics (floc size, aggregation mechanisms, organic coatings and settling velocity) are providing better parameterizations for sediment transport models. These models have enhanced our understanding both of the estuarine turbidity maximum and its relationship to fronts and intratidal hydrodynamic and sedimentological variability, as well as that of simple morphological features such as intertidal mudflats. Although few, interdisciplinary studies to examine the relationships between biology and estuarine morphology show that bivalve activity and the surface diatom biofilm on an intertidal mudflat can be important in controlling the erosion of the surface mud layer. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. ? Williams, A. T.
Tudor, D. T. 2001X Litter burial and exhumation: Spatial and temporal distribution on a cobble pocket beach 1031-1039 Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 11I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants A cobble beach (-60 to -80)located on the South Wales coastline, UK, was studied over a three-month winter period to assess litter input levels. After total beach litter clearance, six surveys were conducted at consecutive spring tides which involved marking of previously unrecorded litter. The beach was soon inundated with debris, predominantly plastic beverage containers. Some marked litter was found to disappear from the beach surface, reemerging weeks later which suggests that the potential for litter burial has been underestimated in litter research. Higher wave energies between surveys coincided with higher levels of previously unseen litter. These new inputs consisted of sea borne and exhumed litter. Items larger than the surrounding cobbles were found to work their way back to the surface of the beach after burial, smaller items remained buried. Pits dug into the cobble ridge confirmed the burial of mainly small items. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. %cts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems $ts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems <ce and Managed Realignment
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level ? Williams, A. T.
Simmons, S. L. 1997T Estuarine litter at the river/beach interface in the Bristol Channel, United Kingdom 1159-1165 Journal of Coastal Research 13 4I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants Litter found on beaches bordering the estuary of the Bristol Channel, United Kingdom, is disparate from litter representing UK/Irish Sea beaches. The principal source of this litter is postulated as riverine in origin derived from sewage debris originating from combined sewer overflows and sewage/general litter obtained from fly tipping sites. Litter from marine sources and the beach user was found in small quantities. Very large numbers of plastic bottles (beverages/dairy based products), sanitary items and plastic cans can be found on northern shore beach strandlines i.e. 550,75, 210 per km at Merthyr Mawr beach, Mid-Glamorgan, compared to a Mid Glamorgan County average of 128, 11 and 115 respectively per kin. Respective County average figures found on the southern shore for the same items were 3, 12 and 13 per km. Results from Dunster, North Devon (2, 10 and 18 per km respectively) were in accord with these figures. The bulk of the litter was UK in origin, 93% on the northern shore as against 63% on the southern. jth Wales Landscape London Hodder and Stoughton5 Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry ?8 Woodland, P. T. M. 1988= Bristol Merchants and the Overseas Trade in Cider c 1773-1818 173-88. Trans Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeol Soc 1068 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage Q S a, in Bridgwater Bay in the Bristol Channel, England are identified. This bay offers shallow estuarine habitat used by sole as a nursery area. Sole first enter the bay in July when 2–3 months old and after a residence of 4–5 months, the majority migrate offshore at the beginning of winter to return the following April. By three years of age most have left the bay never to return although occasional large fish up to 480 mm in length are caught. Sole were found to be highly seasonal in their growth and only increased in length during the months of May to August inclusive. In recent ye? T Warwick, R. M.
Goss-Custard, J. D.
Kirby, R.
George, C. L.
Pope, N. D.
Rowden, A. A. 1991 Static and dynamic environmental factors determining the community structure of estuarine macrobenthos in SW Britain: why is the Severn Estuary different? 329-345 Journal of Applied Ecology 28 1 Climate Change Impacts: Species_ A survey of intertidal macrobenthic invertebrates at 40 sites in six estuaries in SW Britain was undertaken to identify the key environmental variables which determine the composition of these communities and to provide a prediction of conditions in the Severn estuary should a barrage for the generation of tidal power be built. Sites were separated along two principal axes, one determined by static variables (eg sediment grain size and organic content) and the other by dynamic variables (current velocities as indexed by tidal ranges and wave climate as indexed by the wind fetch distance). The faunistic composition at sites in the Severn estuary is significantly different. The environmental variables responsible for the uniqueness of the Severn are dynamic rather than static, and should be predictable precisely in the post-barrage Severn. -from Authors ? Kirby, R. 1990n Sediment problems arising from barrage construction in high energy regimes: an example from the Severn Estuary 233-244` Developments in tidal energy. Proc. 3rd conference on tidal power organized by ICE, London, 1989M Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Hypertidal regimes, such as the Severn and Fundy, are unique to the extent to which physical processes control their sediment regimes and ecosystems. For engineers this implies special problems in modelling, as well as in determining fine sediment strength and its erosion potential. The problems and progress made are explained. There is a discussion from the conference pp 275-284. -from Author ars, there has been an approximately exponential increase in sole abundance that is highly positively correlated with seawater temperature during the early part of the season. The average length of fish in September, at the end of their first growing season, showed significant between year variation, ranging from 65·3 mm in 1989 to 79·8 mm in 2003. This variation was positively correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) winter index for the winter prior to their birth. Between year recruitment variation is correlated with both water temperature and the rate of growth. High temperatures allow faster development and a positive NAO index increases productivity and offers more food. Both of these positive influences act to reduce mortality resulting in stronger year-classes. No relationships between sole and other fish and macro-crustaceans living in the nursery were identified. doi:10.1017/S0025315405011069h tId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD 1 9to which nearly £ 10 M has been committed since 1976. ?
Kirby, R. 1988Z Sedimentological implications of building the Cardiff-Weston barrage in the Severn Estuary 13-17 Proceedings - Ussher Society 7 1 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal) One of the major factors which will determine whether the scheme is feasible is its likely environmental impact. The estuary has a high mobile sediment population and the principal environmental change arising from construction will be to the suspended and deposited sediment regimes. -from Author ? Kirby, R. 1987b Changes to the fine sediment regime in the Severn Estuary arising from two current barrage schemes 221-234. Tidal power. Proc. ICE symposium, London, 1986 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal Although both barrage schemes envisage ebb generation, and consequently similar overall hydrodynamic changes in the regions affected by the structures, the differing geographical locations would result in marked contrasts in the fine sediment response. -from Author F?
Kirby, R.
Geol, M. I. 1986U Suspended fine cohesive sediment in the Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel, U.K Petroleum Engineer International/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment A comprehensive field investigation of the zone of maximum turbidity in the Severn Estuary inner Bristol Channel is reported. Continuous profiling electro optical turbidity and densimeter systems were developed specially for the study, and the results indicated that field behaviour is significantly different from that previously postulated. Several aspects of the physics of fine sediment suspension behaviour at high concentration were clarified. ? Rattray Jr, M.
Uncles, R. J. 1983E On the predictability of the 137Cs distribution in the Severn Estuary 475-487$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 16 5y Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and SedimentW The observed distribution of cesium-137 resulting from known sources in the Severn Estuary permits the testing of simple predictive models for the one-dimensional distribution of non-conservative substances in an estuary. These models either use a known distribution of salinity to infer corresponding ones for other substances, or else directly solve mass balance equations utilizing previously determined dispersion coefficients. Stokes drift plays an important role in the circulation of the Severn. A modified densimetric Froude number, including this drift, is therefore used to estimate the circulation and stratification for the estuary. A new equation is used for calculating the distribution from the observed salinity distribution. It generalizes previous formulations to permit variation of the net runoff with position along the estuary. Refs. ? ( Burton, K. W.
Morgan, E.
Williams, A. T. 1983Z Trace heavy metals in Fucus and P. vulgata along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, South Wales 377-388 Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 19 4I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants A study of the occurrence of the heavy metals Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the biological indicator organisms F. vesiculosus and P. vulgata in the Glamorgan Heritage Coastal area, South Wales shows that although there is some contamination, there are no grossly high levels. Although there appear to be localized inputs of Cu and Pb at certain sites, the results correspond well with the overall pattern of pollution in the Severn Estuary. It is suggested that coastal sites may be ranked according to degree of contamination by means of a graphical method based upon heavy metal levels in P. vulgata. A comparison of the two biological species shows that P. vulgata appears to be the more sensitive indicator of heavy metal pollution.9? Parker, W. R.
Kirby, R. 1982Z Sources and transport patterns of sediment in the inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary6 181-194, 8 figs, 2 tables, 39 refs, discussions pp 209h Severn Barrage. Proc. symposium, London, 1981, (Telford, for the Institution of Civil Engineers, London)M Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment This paper attempts to develop a sediment budget for the inner Bristol Channel and outer Severn Estuary by reviewing evidence for the origin and present circulation of sediment. Following a brief review of water circulation and bed sediment distribution, the origin and circulation of sandy and muddy sediment is considered separately. Since only a comparatively small amount of data is readily available on sandy sediments the major emphasis is on fine sediment. This is felt to be appropriate since the most significant problems likely to arise from barrage construction relate to the sensitivity of the large fine sediment population to the hydrodynamic regime of the area. -from AuthorsEnglish ? Kirby, R.
Parker, W. R. 19820 A suspended sediment front in the Severn Estuary 396-399 Nature 295 5848/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment/ A zone of marked local gradient in the regional suspended solids field has been located along the axis of the Severn Estuary. This front occupies virtually the same position on ebb and flood and on spring and neap tides, although the amplitude of the gradient fluctuates. In the Severn, strong thermohaline gradients in the vicinity of the suspended solids front have not been detected. The mechanisms for the formation and maintenance of the front are not yet known. -from Authors Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Crossway, Taunton, Somerset TA1 2DW, UK. ?
Uncles, R. J. 1981/ A note on tidal asymmetry in the Severn Estuary 419-432$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 13 4/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment A one-dimensional, non-linear numerical model is used to investigate the tidally averaged frictional stress and set-up of water level due to tidal asymmetry in the Severn Estuary; these quantities depend on the overtides in the region. A linearized model of the overtides is applied to calculations of the M4 currents in order to delineate the mechanisms responsible for their generation. The relative importance of individual non-linear mechanisms to the tidally averaged stress and set-up is determined; these mechanisms are interactions between tidal flow and changes in depth or breadth over a cross-section, frictional interaction between the tidal flow and Stokes drift, interaction between the tidal fluctuations in water depth and frictional retardation and non-linear advection. -Author &? * Radford, P. J.
Uncles, R. J.
Morris, A. W. 1981e Simulating the impact of technological change on dissolved cadmium distribution in the Severn Estuary 1045-1052 Water Research 15 9I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
An estuarine model is described which computes the dispersive and advective properties of the Severn Estuary. It was calibrated and validated using 50 measured salinity distributions and then used to predict the magnitude and sitings of the major inputs of dissolved cadmium levels throughout the estuary. The results provided an impetus for implementing tighter controls on effluents and for improving estimates of cadmium discharges from industrial sources. The model has also been used to investigate the sensitivity of the estuarine system to changes in dispersion; by considering large reductions in the dispersion coefficients it is hoped that the results might be indicative of the environmental consequences following the construction of a tidal power generating scheme. tween Lydney Harbour and Woolaston Grange, located on the West bank of the Severn Estuary. Paper based on salmarsh field workshop 1996 ed. by S.Otto. ?
Countryside Council for Wales, 1998? Towards a strategy for the Gwent Levels into the next millenium Bangor CCW] Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning
Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry B$?
Environment Agency, 2002& Tidal Severn Flood Management Strategy Solihull# Environment Agency, Midlands Regiont Adaptation: Shoreline Management
Adaptation: Coast Defen? $ Parker, W. R.
Smith, T. J.
Kirby, R. 1980D Observation of Density Stratification due to Suspended Fine Sediment 955-966" Software - Practice and Experience 2/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment An extensive program of field observations in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary has revealed that longitudinal, lateral and vertical gradients in suspended solids concentrations occur giving rise to density differences equivalent to several parts per thousand of salt. These suspended solids induced density gradients often take the form of vertical fronts and horizontal interfaces and are significant in determining the long term density induced circulation in the estuary. However, it is also shown that the strong vertical density gradients do not appear to significantly affect the vertical turbulent mass fluxes. It is concluded that the observed stability of interfaces in the vertical turbidity profiles is predominantly controlled by settling of the suspended material. ? Kirby, R.
Parker, W. R. 1980' Sediment dynamics in the Severn Estuary 47-62c An environmental appraisal of tidal power stations: with particular reference to the Severn barrage Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal Summarizes existing knowledge of sediment movement within the Severn Estuary, and describes the possible effects of barrage construction which would require further investigation.-Jennifer Clayton T ? Uncles, R. J.
Jordan, M. B. 1979G Residual fluxes of water and salt at two stations in the Severn Estuary 287-302$ Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 9 3/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sedimentl Relative to the depth averaged values, the axial residual currents show a seaward flow in the upper layer, and a landward flow in the bottom layer for both stations; the associated salinity profiles show only small differences in salinity between the sea-bed and the sea-surface (approximately 0.1%o). The tidally averaged velocity and salinity profiles are used to estimate the effective vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivity which are applicable to residual variables. The computation of residual fluxes shows that the Stokes drift is an important feature of the physical regime of the Severn Estuary. - from Authors ?
1 Severn Estuary Coastal Group,
Gifford Associates, 2000@ Severn Estuary Shoreline Management Plan. Non-Technical Summary Severn Estuary Coastal Group Adaptation: Shoreline Management8 www.severnestuary.net/secg/NON%20TECHNICAL%20SUMMARY.pdf ? Williams, A. T.
Howden, J.W. 1979V The Search for a Coastal Ethos: A Study of one of Great Britain's Heritage Coastlines 17-21 Shore and Bea ? Williams, A. T.
Davies, P. 1980< Man as a Geological Agent: The Sea Cliffs of Llantwit Major 129-141 Zeitschrift fur Geomorpholog l? Williams, A. T.
Caldwell, N.E. 1981O Sediment Disturbance by 'Beach Paddlers' Along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, UK 30-33 Shore and Beach Ռ?! ) Williams, A. T.
Caldwell, N.E.
Davies, P. 1981) Landforms of the Glamorgan Heritage Coast 64 pages( Mid Glamorgan Joint Management x?" , Caldwell, N.E.
Williams, A. T.
Roberts, G.T. 1982 The Swash Force Transducer 669-671 Journal of Sedimentary Petrologyz l?# ( Burton, K. W.
Morgan, E.
Williams, A. T. 1983M Metals in Fucus and P Vulgata Along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, South Wales 377-388 Water, Air and Soil Pollu# p?$ Williams, A. T.
Davies, P. 1984; Cliff Failure Along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, Wales, UK 109-119f Centre Recherches en Geographie Physique de l'Environment Association Francaise de Geographie Physique Serie Documents du BC ܈?% Williams, A. T.
Howden, J.H. 1985p The Social Aspects of Cliff Falls Along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, UK: 'Is Sex a Stronger Drive than Safety? 129-139f Centre Recherches en Geographie Physique de l'Environment Association Francaise de Geographie Physique 8?& Caldwell, N.E.
Williams, A. T. 1985 The Role of Beach Profile Configuration in the Discrimination Between Differing Depositional Environments Affecting Coarse Clastic Beaches 129-139 J Coastal Researc s |?' Williams, A. T. 1985, Man's Acceleration of Coastal Zone Processes 132-133 Teaching Geography ܸ?( Williams, A. T.
Howden, J.H. 1985\ Innovative Management in a Period of Austerity: The Glamorgan Heritage Coast Experience, UK 26-35 Proceedings Coastal (?) Williams, A. T.
Howden, J.H. 1985@ A New Approach to Coastal Management: Britain's Heritage Coasts 1668-1679 Proceedings Coastal ?* Williams, A. T.
Caldwell, N.E. 19868 Gravel Beach Profile Characterisation and Discrimination 211-212 J. of Coastal Resear l?+ Williams, A. T.
Sothern, E.J. 1986C Recreational Pressure Along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, Wales, UK 30-37 Shore and Beach ?, Williams, A. T.
Caldwell, N.E. 19869 Spatial and Seasonal Pebble Beach Profile Characteristics 127-138 Geological Jour ?- Davies, P.
Williams, A. T. 1986V Cave Development in Lower Lias Coastal Cliffs, The Glamorgan Heritage Coast, Wales, UK 75-92# Iceland Coastal and River Symposium4 Sighjarnarson, E. National Energy Authorit Ӽ?. Williams, A. T. 1986E Coastal Geology and Heritage Coast Management in South and West Wales 109-115
Thallassas |?/ Williams, A. T.
Wu, B.L. 1986A The Heritage Coast Concept of Coastal Management in Great Britain 130-141 Collected Oceanic Works# State Oceanic Administratio ?0 Williams, A. T. 1987q Coastal Conservation Policy Development in England and Wales with special reference to the Heritage Coast concept 99-106 J Coastal Research ֠?1 Williams, A. T.
Davies, P. 1987A Rates and mechanisms of coastal cliff erosion in Lower Lias rocks 1855-1870 Coastal Sediments '87# American Society of Civil s ,?2 Williams, A. T. 1987' A new model for pebble tracer dispersal 229-234 Acta Oceanologica Sineca ?3 Williams, A. T.
Davies, P. 1987P Anthropogenic response to rock mass instability in coastal South East Wales, UK 49-64< L' Antropopizzazione e la degredazione dell' Ambiente fisico CNR ?4 Williams, M.J.
Williams, A. T. 1988b The Perception of and Adjustment to Rockfall hazards along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, Wales, UK 319-339 Ocean & Shoreline Manageme L?5 Williams, A. T.
Caldwell, N.E. 19885 Particle size and shape in pebble beach sedimentation 199-215 Marine Geol j stal Areas] Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry
Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning @?7 Williams, A. T.
Davies, P. 1989A A coastal hard rock sediment budget for the Inner Bristol Channel 474-479 Sediment Transport P?8 Williams, A. T. 1990A Management strategies for coastal conservation in South Wales, UK 19-38" Recreational Uses of Coa s נ?9 Williams, A. T.
Davies, P. 19906 Coastal cliff protection measures in South Wales, U.K. 699-703 ?: Williams, A. T.
Lavalle, C.D. 1990, Coastal Landscape Evaluation and Photography 1011-1020 Journal of Coastal Research \?; % Davies, P.
Williams, A. T.
Bomboe, P. 1991X Numerical modelling of lower Lias rock failures in the coastal cliffs of South Wales, UK 1599-1612 Coastal Sed6 ?< Davies, P.
Williams, A. T. 1991u Sediment supply from solid geology cliffs into the inter tidal zone of the Severn Estuary / Inner Bristol Channel, UK 17-241 Estuaries: Spatial and Temporal Inter-com ?= Williams, A. T.
Williams, M.J. 19914 The perceived effectiveness of coastal warning signs 70-84 Coastlines of the U?> Davies, P.
Williams, A. T. 19913 The enigma of the destruction of Colhuw Port, Wales 259-266 Geographical Revi `?? ( Williams, A. T.
Morgan, N. R.
Davies, P. 1991@ Recession of the littoral zone cliffs of the Bristol Channel, UK 2394-2408 Coastal L?@ Williams, A. T.
Williams, M.J. 1991; Hazard Awareness at the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, Wales, UK 41-46 Bulletin of Geomorpholo ?A Williams, A. T. 1992< The Quiet Conservators: Heritage Coasts of England and Wales 151-168 Ocean and Coastal Manag@ Μ?B Simmons, S. L.
Williams, A. T. 1993U Persistent Marine Debris along the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, UK: A Management Problem 251-262\ Interdisciplinary Discussions of Coastal Research and Coastal Management Issues and
Ä?C & Morgan, R.
Jones, T.C.
Williams, A. T. 1993y Opinions and Perceptions of UK Heritage Coast Beach Users: some management implications from the Glamorgan Heritage Coast 1083-1093 Journal of Coastal Researh; ?D Phillips, M. R.
Williams, A. T. 2007R Depth of closure and shoreline indicators: Empirical formulae for beach management 487-500 Journal of Coastal Research 23 2 Adaptation: Shoreline Management^ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34047148872&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0J ?E & Ergin, A.
Williams, A. T.
Micallef, A. 2006, Coastal scenery: Appreciation and evaluation 958-964 Journal of Coastal Research 22 4! Climate Change Impacts: Amenities^ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33746860290&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0.0D ?F Tudor, D. T.
Williams, A. T. 2006G A rationale for beach selection by the public on the coast of Wales, UK 153-164 Area 38 2! Climate Change Impacts: Amenities^ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745208427&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0sG ?G 4 Ergin, A.
Karaesmen, E.
Micallef, A.
Williams, A. T. 2004E A new methodology for evaluating coastal scenery: Fuzzy logic systems 367-386 Area 36 4! Climate Change Impacts: Amenities^ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-11844302929&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0.0 @ Cited By (since 1996O Д?H Tudor, D. T.
Williams, A. T. 2004b Development of a 'Matrix Scoring Technique' to determine litter sources at a Bristol Channel beach 119-127 Journal of Coastal Conservation 10 1-2I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants^ http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=C ?I . Balas, C. E.
Ergin, A.
Williams, A. T.
Koc, L. 20043 Marine litter prediction by artificial intelligence 449-457 Marine Pollution Bulletin 48 5-6I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1242294432&partnc d?J Tudor, D. T.
Williams, A. T. 2003b Public Perception and Opinion of Visible Beach Aesthetic Pollution: The Utilisation of Photography 1104-1115 Journal of Coastal Research 19 4! Climate Change Impacts: Amenities] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0345016323&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0.0 @ Cited By (since 199O ?~ Allen, J.R.L 1992C Tidally influenced marshes in the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain 123-147F Saltmarshes: Morphodynamics, Conservation and Engineering Significance Allen, J.R.L
Pye, K. Cambridge Cambridge University PressP Clim ?
Smith, L. 1979. A survey of salt marshes in the Severn Estuary CST Report 265 London Nature Conservanc ?
Rippon, S. 1997? The Severn Estuary: Landscape Evolution and Wetland Reclamation Leicester Leicester University Press8 Clim w $? Taverson, R. 1980' Saltmarsh ecology in the Severn Estuary Bristol, University of Bristol, Depart`3 ?M Williams, A. T.
Davies, P. 20014 Coastal dunes of Wales; vulnerability and protection 145-154 Journal of Coastal Conservation 7 2 Climate Change Impacts: Habitats] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035734538&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0.0 @ Cited By (since 199; ߜ?N Williams, A. T.
Tudor, D. T. 2001; Temporal trends in litter dynamics at a pebble pocket beach 137-145 Journal of Coastal Research 17 1I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035086851&partnero 4?O 1 Williams, A. T.
Davies, P.
Ergin, A.
Balas, C. E. 2000p Environmental risk assessment; A case study of the Colhuw beach revetment on the Glamorgan Heritage coast, Wales 125-134 Journal of Coastal Conservation 6 21 Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment A newly constructed coastal revetment at Colhuw Beach in the Glamorgan HeriX+ ?P . Nelson, C.
Morgan, R.
Williams, A. T.
Wood, J. 2000 Beach awards and management 87-98 Ocean and Coastal Management 43 1! Climate Change Impacts: Amenities] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034101879&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0.0 @ Cited By (since 199O H?Q & Williams, A. T.
Ergin, A.
Balas, C. E. 19995 Coastal revetment risk assessment: A case study in UK 369-374J Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference 41 Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032686832&partn_ ?R ' Belov, A. P.
Davies, P.
Williams, A. T. 1999^ Mathematical modeling of basal coastal cliff erosion in uniform strata: A theoretical approach 99-109 Journal of Geology 107 1P Adaptation: Shoreline Management
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032977009C ?S Williams, A. T.
Simmons, S. L. 1999; Sources of riverine litter: The river Taff, South Wales, UK 197-216 Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 112 1-2I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032944961&partnerxK ø?T Morgan, R.
Williams, A. T. 1999M Video panorama assessment of beach landscape aesthetics on the coast of Wales 13-22 Journal of Coastal Conservation 5 1! Climate Change Impacts: Amenities] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032695361&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0.0 @ Cited By (since 199 ment of Zoology8 Cli T? Bell, M. 2000o Intertidal peats and the archaeology of coastal change in the Severn Estuary, Bristol Channel and Pembrokeshire 377 - 3920 Geological Society, London, Special Publications 175 18 Clim K ?
' Henderson, P.A.
Seaby, R.M.H.
Somes, R. 2007a Fish and c+ ?V Williams, A. T.
Simmons, S. L. 1997$ Movement patterns of riverine litter 119-139 Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 98 1-2I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031214593&partner? P?W Nelson, C.
Williams, A. T. 1997- Bathing water quality and health implications 175-1838 International Conference on Water Pollution, Proceedingsk Climate Change Impacts: Amenities
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/recos (?X Williams, A. T.
Roberts, G. T. 1996z The measurement of pebble impacts and wave action on shore platforms and beaches: The swash force transducer (swashometer) 137-143 Marine Geology 129 1-2/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029475216&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0.0 @ Cited BG d?Y Williams, A. T.
Simmons, S. L. 1996E The degradation of plastic litter in rivers: Implications for beaches 63-72 Journal of Coastal Conservation 2 1I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0342603904&partne 4rminess and SedimentH The recent growth in the use of microfossil-based transfer functions in late-Quaternary sea-level reconstructions reflects their potential to accurately quantify palaeo sea-level changes. This study details the development of a diatom-based sea-level transfer function for the Severn Estuary, southwest England, a macrotidal setting that experiences the second highest tidal range in the world. This setting presents difficulties in representing the full tidal range from mean sea level (MSL) to highest astronomical tide (HAT). However, two separate transects were merged successfully and a statistically significant relationship between contemporary diatom assemblages and altitude (m O.D.) was established. A diatom-based transfer function for palaeoaltitude was developed using weighted averaging (WA), tolerance downweighted weighted averaging (WA-Tol) and weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS). WA-Tol produced the lowest prediction errors for altitude and the transfer function was applied to a fossil diatom data set from Gordano Valley, a site adjacent to the Severn Estuary. DOI: 10.1177/0959683607078988 0 ?Z Saye, S. E.
Pye, K. 2007Q Implications of sea level rise for coastal dune habitat conservation in Wales, UK 31-52 Journal of Coastal Conservation 11 1 Climate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
Climate Change: Regional/Local The potential impact of future sea level rise and climate change on 15 Welsh coastal dune systems has been investigated. Historical Trend Analysis was undertaken using Ordnance Survey maps to quantify past shoreline change and to permit extrapolation of past trends to predict possible future shoreline positions by 2080–2100. Predictions were also made using the Bruun Rule relationship between sea level rise and shoreline response and an integrated method of assessment, Expert Geomorphological Assessment (EGA), which provides a ‘best estimate’ of future coastline change, taking into account such factors as geological constraints, the nature of past, present and future environmental forcing factors, and known coastal process–response relationships. The majority of the 15 systems investigated experienced a net increase in dune area over the last 100–120 years. Only one (Whiteford Burrows) experienced significant net area loss (>5 ha). EGA predictions suggest that several systems are likely to experience significant net loss of dune habitat over the next century, whilst continued net gain is likely to occur for systems where sediment supply rates remain high. Little net change is predicted in some systems. Considering the 15 dune systems together, it is considered unlikely that net dune habitat loss will exceed net gain over the next 100 years provided that there are no major disruptions to sediment supply and natural coastal processes. DOI 10.1007/s11852-007-0004-5 ?[
& ABPMer
Jacobs Babtie,
Royal Haskoning 2007. Severn Estuary Coastal Habitat Management Plan Bristol Environment AgencyR Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats ?\
$ Sustainable Development Commission, 2007' Turning the Tide- Tidal Power in the UK London SDC Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal ?]
AEA Energy & Environment, 2007c Research Report 4 - Severn non-barrage options. A report to the Sustainable Development Commission Didcot AEA Energy & Environment Mitigation: Renewables- Current ?^ Collins, N.R.
Williams, R. 1981q Zooplankton of the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary. The distribution of four copepods in relation to salinity. 273-283 Marine Biology 64 Climate Change Impacts: Species
?_ # Haslett, Simon K.
Bryant, Edward A. 2007 Reconnaissance of historic (post-AD 1000) high-energy deposits along the Atlantic coasts of southwest Britain, Ireland and Brittany, France 207-220 Marine Geology 242 1-3 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
high-energy deposits
Bristol Channel
Severn Estuary
Brittany
tsunami
storm surge` http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art? D?` Phillips, M. R.
Jones, A. L. 2006] Erosion and tourism infrastructure in the coastal zone: Problems, consequences and management 517-524 Tourism Management 27 3 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning
Climate Change Impacts: Ecosystems P?a % Harris, E. L.
Falconer, R. A.
Lin, B. 2004^ Modelling hydroenvironmental and health risk assessment parameters along the South Wales Coast 61-70# Journal of Environmental Management 73 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Numerical modelling
Hydrodynamic processes
Water quality
Epidemiology
Health risk assessment
Bristol Channel` http://www.sc ?b Symonds, D. J.
Rogers, S. I. 1995 The influence of spawning and nursery grounds on the distribution of sole Solea solea (L.) in the Irish Sea, Bristol Channel and adjacent areas 243-2612 Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 190 2h Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
Bristol Channel
Irish Sea
Nursery
Sole
Spawninga http://www.sciencedirect.com/scie ?c Lloyd, J. W. 19945 Estuarine barrages and their influence on groundwater 247-265 Journal of Hydrology 162 3-4 Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal` http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6C-487# ?d Sathiamoorthy, M.
Probert, S. D. 1994L The integrated Severn barrage complex: Harnessing tidal, wave and wind power 17-46 Applied Energy 49 1 Mitigation: Renewablesa http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1T-49804BM-9X/2/1x3 ?e % Crothers, J. H.
Little, C.
Mettam, C. 1994_ Evolution and change in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary: introduction to the proceedings 1-3) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 1-28 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystemsa http://www.sciencedirect.comn+ ?f / Horwood, J.
J. H. S. Blaxter and A.J. Southward 1993C The Bristol Channel Sole (Solea solea (L.)): A Fisheries Case Study 215-367 Advances in Marine Biology Volume 29 Academic Press8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries` http://www.sciencedirect.com/E ̼?g Proctor, R.
Flather, R. A. 1989M Storm surge prediction in the Bristol Channel--the floods of 13 December 1981 889-918 Continental Shelf Research 9 10/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sedimenta http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar5 $?h Stephens, Colin V. 1986G A three-dimensional model for tides and salinity in the Bristol Channel 531-560 Continental Shelf Research 6 4/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment` http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/aK ,?i ' Hopkin, S. P.
Martin, M. H.
Moss, S. J. 1985d Heavy metals in isopods from the supra-littoral zone on the Southern shore of the Severn Estuary, UK 239-2547 Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical 9 4I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants` http://www.scZ ˰?j " Pattiaratchi, C. B.
Collins, M. B. 1984f Sediment transport under waves and tidal currents: A case study from the northern Bristol Channel, U.K 27-40 Marine Geology 56 1-4/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sedimenta http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/aG ,?k % Mantoura, R. F. C.
Woodward, E. M. S. 1983x Conservative behaviour of riverine dissolved organic carbon in the Severn Estuary: chemical and geochemical implications 1293-1309 Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47 7I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminantsa http://www.s; ?l Thorne, L. T.
Nickless, G. 1981t The relation between heavy metals and particle size fractions within the severn estuary (U.K.) inter-tidal sediments 207-213$ The Science of The Total Environment 19 3I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants` http://www.s ?m Shackley, Susan E. 1981{ The intertidal soft sediments and their macrofauna in the Greater Swansea Bay area (Worm's Head to Nash Point), South Wales 535-548$ Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 12 5 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
macrobenthos
zonation
intertidal sand habitat
grain size composition
wave energy
wave environmen idal defences for Clevedon, North Somerset Exeter Environment Agency1 Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment How the Land Yeo outfall, Blind Yeo slice and Marshall's Bank reduce the risk of flooding for more than 4,700 properties in Clevedon, North Somerset +
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Massie, K. S. 1980q Chapter 11 Sediment Transport by Waves and Tides: Problems exemplified by a Study of Swansea Bay, Bristol Channel 369-389 Elsevier Oceanography Series Volume 24, Part 2 Elsevier/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment` http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CXS-4SMFC4F-6/2/3cb877' D?p Culver, S. J.
Banner, F. T. 1979r The significance of derived pre-Quaternary foraminifera in Holocene sediments of the north-central Bristol Channel 187-207 Marine Geology 29 1-4Q Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sedimenta http: ܨ?q Badsha, K. S.
Sainsbury, M. 1978j Some aspects of the biology and heavy metal accumulation of the fish Liparis liparis in the Severn estuary 381-391$ Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 7 4~ Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
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Sainsbury, M. 1977G Uptake of zinc, lead and cadmium by young whiting in the Severn Estuary 164-166 Marine Pollution Bulletin 8 7 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
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Davies, J. R. 1977j The distribution of sublittoral macrofauna communities in the Bristol Channel in relation to the substrate 267-288$ Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 5 2O Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sedimenta http://}' ?t Morris, A. W.
Bale, A. J. 1975c The accumulation of cadmium, copper, manganese and zinc by Fucus vesiculosus in the Bristol Channel 153-163$ Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 3 2I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminantsa http://www.z \?u Dineley, D. L.
Smith, D. I. 1975p The Sabrina Project: University of Bristol : An environmental study of the Severn Estuary: 2. The earth sciences 41-45 Chemosphere 4 1Q Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sedimentb http:/// ?v Dineley, D. L.
Hawker, Lilian E. 1974{ The Sabrina project: University of Bristol an environmental study of the severn estuary: 1. Biological and chemical studies 287-291 Chemosphere 3 6f Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
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Sainsbury, M. 1974a Dietary habits and heavy metal concentrations in fish from the Severn estuary and Bristol Channel 61-63 Marine Pollution Bulletin 5 4 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Climate Chang `?x Fuge, R.
James, K. H. 1974< Trace metal concentrations in Fucus from the Bristol channel 9-12 Marine Pollution Bulletin 5 1I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants Brown seawee ?y 7 Hardisty, M. W.
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Kartar, S.
Sainsbury, M. 1974F Ecological implications of heavy metal in fish from the Severn estuary 12-15 Marine Pollution Bulletin 5 1 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
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Waterfall, C. E.
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Stenner, R.
Terrille, N. 1972= Distribution of cadmium, lead and zinc in the Bristol Channel 188-190 Marine Pollution Bulletin 3 12I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants# More news fP ?| 3 Ware, G. C.
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Arianayagam, Yolande F. 1972* Bacterial pollution of the Bristol channel 88-90 Marine Pollution Bulletin 3 6I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants` http://www. ?} Hawkins, A. B.
Sebbage, M. J. 19721 The reversal of sand waves in the Bristol Channel M7-M9 Marine Geology 12 4/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Detailed echo sounding along a fixed t q rustacean captures at Hinkley Point 'B' nuclear power station: April 2006 to March 2007 Lymington Pisces Cons ?
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Somes, R. 2006a Fish and crustacean captures at Hinkley Point 'B' nuclear power station: April 2005 to March 2006 Lymington Pisces Con $?
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Ramsay, A. T. S. 2007} Use of swath bathymetry in the investigation of sand dune geometry and migration around a near shore 'banner' tidal sandbank. 53-64Q Geological Society Special Publication 274. Coastal and Shelf Sediment Transport Balson, P. S.
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Bird, D. J. 2008P The biology and conservation of the fish assemblage of the Severn Estuary (cSAC) CCW/SEW/08/1 Bangor Countryside2 ?
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Buck, A.L. Peterborough# Joint Nature Conservation h? Bassindale, R. 1941 Studies on the biology of the Bristol Channe1. IV. The invertebrate fauna of the southern shores of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 143-201. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists Societ x? 2 Boyden, C.R.
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Burd, F. 19877 Saltmarsh Survey of Great Britain: County report, Gwent Unpublished Nature Conservanc+ ? ( Claridge, P.N.
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Hardisty, M.W 1986p Seasonal changes in movement, abundance, size, composition and diversity of the fish fauna of the Severn Estuary 281-284. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists Soc ? Clark, N.A. 1983H The ecology of Dunlin Calidris aplina L. wintering on the Severn Estuary PhD Edinburgh University of Edinbur@ ?
Clark, N.A. 1990O Distribution studies of waders and Shelduck in the Severn Estuary (Parts 1 & 2)q Bristol Turst for Ornithology research report No.40 and Energy Technology Support Unit Contractor report ?
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Holder, C. 1990O Sand dune survey of Great Britian. Site report No.89 Weston Dunes and Sand Bay CSD Report No 1, 130 Nature Conservancy ? Evans, M.E. 1979u Population composition and return according to breeding status, of Berwick's Swans wintering at Slimbridge, 1963-1976 118-128 WildfoJ p?
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Clark, N.A.
Donald, P.F 1990| The effect of the Cardiff Bay barrage on waterfowl populaitons. I. Distribution and movement studies November 1989-May 1990 Research Report No.69 British Trust for Orn D?
Ferns, PN; 1990R Distribution of Wading birds and wildfowl in the Severn Estuary and coastal levels2 An environmental appraisal of tidal power stations Shaw, T. L. London ? Hardisty, M. W.
Huggins, R. J. 1975\ A survey of the fish population of the middle Severn Estuary based on power station sampling 227-242. International Journal of Environmental S ? Hill-Cottingham, M.P. 1973s A primlinary study of the littoral fuana at four sites on the southern shore the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 281-284. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists Socz7 h?
Hiscock, K. 1979 South-West Britain sublittoral survey. Field survey of sublittoral habitats and spieces in the Upper Bristol Channel. (Mid Glamorgan, South Glamorgan, Somerset) (Contractor, Oil Pollution Research Unit, Field Studies Council, Pembroke) CSD Report 283 Nature Conservancy3 ?
Mudge, G.P. 1979 The feeding distribution of wintering wading birds (Charadriformes) in the Severn Estuary in relation to barrage proposals. A report to the Nature Conservancy Council Cardiff University College <?
Purchon, R.D. 1947| Studies of the biology of the Bristol Channel. XVII. the littoral and sublittoral fauna of the northern shores, near Cardiff 285-310. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists So l?
Purchon, R.D. 1951 Studies of the biology of the Bristol Channel. XVIII. The marine fauna at five stations on the northern shores of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary 213-226. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists So 7796ee2df6ba1534cbc18214761df0c $ ? X
Worrall, D.H. 1981/ The feeding behaviour of dunlin Calidris alpina Unpublished PhD Thesis Cardiff Cardiff ϔ? 8 Tappin, D.R.
Chadwick, R.A.
Jackson, A.
Wingfield, R.T.R 1994f The Geology of Cardigan Bay and the Bristol Channel. United Kingdom Offshore Regional Report for BGS. Lond ?
Collins, M. B 1983j Supply, distribution and transport of suspended sediment in a macrotidal environment: Bristol Channel, UK. 44-592 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science o ?
Uncles, R. J. 1983$ Hydrodynamics of the Bristol Channel 47-53 Marine Pollution Bulletin ?
Kidson, C. 1960( The shingle complexes of Bridgewater Bay 75-874 Transactions of the Institute of British Geographe D?
Warren, A. 1956 The coast of Bridgewater Bay Fitzwilliam House PhD Cambridge University of CambridgF Ō?
Nature Conservancy Council, 1982w Bridgewater Bay National Nature Reserve- the effects of Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Station. Unpublished report to CEGB Peterbor ?
Drake, C.M. 19866 A survey of the invertebrates of the Gwent Levels 1985 Peterborough Nature ConservancyU D? Basset, K.
Hoyle, B. 1996\ Port-city relations and coastal zone management in the Severn Estuary: the view from Bristolc Cityports, coastal zone and regional change. International perspectives on planning and management Hoyle, B. New York John Wile o ?
European Development Group, 1998B The international airport for Wales at Severnside- project l? A Aprahamian, M. W.
Walker, A. M.
Williams, B.
Bark, A.
Knights, B. 2007 On the application of models of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) production and escapement to the development of Eel Management Plans: the River Severn 1472–1482 ICES Journal of Marine Sci ?
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ABP Research, 2000[ Bristol Channel Marine Aggregates: resources and constraints research project. Final Report Peterborough Posford Duvivier EnviT \?
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Philpott, S.L.
Mortimer, K.
Jenkins, G.O.
Morando, A. 2006S The Outer Bristol Channel Marine Habitat Study: Summary Document. Biomar Reports 4 Cardiff Ġ?
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Turner, J.
Wilson, H. 20077 The Outer Bristol Channel Marine Habitat Study. DVD Rom Cardiff National Museus x? Brown, J.
Hill, A.E. 2000- Physical Oceanography of the Bristol Channel. 18-20_ Quality Status Report of the Marine and Coastal Areas of the Irish Sea and Bristol Channe ? + Booth, C.A.
Walden, J.
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Smith, J.P. 2005 Use of mineral magnetic concentration data as a particle size proxy: A case study using marine, estuarine and fluvial sediments in the Carmarthen Bay area, South Wales, U.K. 241-253 Science of the Total Environment ^# 8? 6 Booth, C.A.
Walden, J.
Neal, A.
Smith, J.P.
Morgan, E. 2004 A comparison of inter-site, intra-site, intra-sample and instrument variability in environmental magnetic data: An example based on the Gwendraeth Estuary, South Wales, U.K. 808-813 Journal of Coastal Research 0?
Environment Agency Wales, 2004> Gwent Levels Foreshore Management Plan. Phase III Final Report Cardiff Environment A dgency WalE 0D? !
Evans, C.D.R. 1982S The geology and surficial sediments of the Inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuaryi Severn Barage. Proceedings of a Symposium organised by the Institute of Civil Engineers, 8-9 October 1981 London Thomas Telford/ Climate ° National Museum of ?
Blackman, D.L 1985@ New estimates of annual sea level maxima in the Bristol Channel 229-232# Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science ? ) Cramp, A.
Coulson, M.
James, A.
Berry, J. 1991b A note on the observed and predicted flow patterns around islands - Flat Holm, the Bristol Channel 1111-1118' International Journal of Remote Sensing ?
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Robson, C.F.
Kaznowska, S.S.
Doody, J.P. 1996b Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11, The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. Peterborough# Joint Nature Conservation { L? Owen, A. 19800 A Three-Dimensional Model Of The Bristol Channel 1290-1302 Journal Of Physical Oceanogr p? Owen, A. 1980H The Tidal Regime Of The Bristol Channel: A Numerical Modelling Approach. 59-755 Geophysical Journal Of The Royal Astronomica u Defence and Managed Realignment
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Discusses historical and geomorphological evidence of erosion of the saltmarsh edge be ? Uncles, R.J. 1982> Computed And Observed Residual Currents In The Bristol Channel 11-20 Oceanologica Acta 5! Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level ] 4 in the Bristol Channel Fish. Res. Tech. Rep. Lowestoft& MAFF Directorate of Fisheries R ?
CEFAS, 2000Z Quality Status Report of the Marine and Coastal Areas of the Irish Sea and Bristol Channel Londo w |? Cotter, C.H. 19752 Large Ship Navigation in the Upper Bristol Channel 31-35 Journal of Navigation}[ ? Cowell, Richard 2003W Substitution and scalar politics: negotiating environmental compensation in Cardiff Bay 343-358 Geoforum 34 3{ Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning
Sustainable development
Scale
Nature conservation
Compensation
Power
United Kingdom` http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V68-48SBV20-1/2 ' !<? % Turner, R.
Allen, J. R. L ݠD? + Williams, A. T.
Phillips, M.R.
Banfield, K. 2008 Coastal erosion management in Swansea Bay, Wales, UK: The application of function analysis and strategic environmental assessment8 Integrated Coastal Zone Management- The Global Challengei Krishnamurthy, R.R.
Glavovic, B. C.
Kannen, A.
Green, D. R.
Ramanathan, A.L.
Han, Z.
Tinti, S.
Agardy, T. Singapore Research Publishing } S.
Rippon, S. 2000? The Severn Estuary Levels: Ten Years Past And Ten Years Forward 1-12! Archaeology in the Severn Estu4 ?
Carr, A.P.
Blackley, M.W.L 1997m Swansea Bay (Sker) Project. Topic Report 1. Introduction and Long term changes in the coastline. Report 42 Report No.42 Taunton# Institute of Oceanographic SciencesQ Clim "? Stojanovic, T d.
Barker, N. 2008B Improving Governance through local Coastal Partnerships in the UK. 344-360 Geographical Journal 174 4" Adaptation: Institutional l Society for Anthropology and Geography/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment# http://www.jstor.org/stable/521365 ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: 1987 / Copyright © 1987 Sw O ? J. R. L. Allen 1997 Subfossil mammalian tracks (Flandrian) in the Severn Estuary, S. W. Britain: mechanics of formation, preservation and distribution 481-518F Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 352 13528 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
Mammalian tracks and trackways are widely preserved at all stratigraphical levels in the Flandrian sediments of tidal mudflat and marsh origins which formed over the last 8000–9000 years on the marginal wetlands of the inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. The fauna recorded in this way, however, is less diverse than that known from the few, small assemblages of skeletal remains, including some from archaeological sites, so far assessed. Missing or rarely represented in terms of tracks are the smaller of the large mammals. Humans are represented by tracks throughout the Flandrian deposits. In the earlier Flandrian, they were accompanied by deer and aurochs which gave way, in the later Flandrian, to domesticated cattle and sheep/goat; there are sporadic indications of the presence of horse. Wolf/dog, represented by just two records, is the only smaller large mammal so far recorded as a track. The tracks were made, modified, and eventually preserved under a wide variety of sedimentological conditions on the margins of the estuary. Those environmental conditions constrained the quality of the anatomical evidence preserved in the tracks but can be inferred from the character of the tracks. Field experiments suggest that the moisture content of the sediment at the time was crucial to the general nature of the tracks. The mudflat–marsh silts which received the tracks varied from semi-liquid to firm, depending on tidal and seasonal factors and on the elevation of the sedimentary surface relative to the tidal frame. Some tracks were made in marsh peats which offered little resistance. Deep tracks preserving little detail were produced in weak sediments of high moisture content; tracks formed in strong, firm muds retained full anatomical detail. Referring to mechanical theory, and to a series of laboratory experiments using plasticine, the act of making a track is shown to be similar in character and effect to the indentation of an ideal elastic–plastic material by a punch. The punch represents the descending limb of the animal, the face of the punch the sole of the animal's foot, and the elastic–plastic material the sediment which is pierced and deformed by the downward action of the limb. The character of the experimental tracks, and the range and relative size of the deformation structures they include, is qualitatively similar to what is recorded from the field. Many of the tracks recorded from the field were variously modified in a changeable and dynamic environment before final burial and preservation.) ? Brown, J. 2000{ The Bristol Channel Marine Aggregates Constraints Research Project: keeping the consultation process clear of murky waters! 168-175C Coastal Management: integrating science, engineering and management Flemming, C.A. Bristol Thomas ? White, E. M.
Knights, B. 1997d Environmental factors affecting migration of the European eel in the Rivers Severn and Avon, England 1104-1116 Journal of Fish Biology 50 58 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries\ Studies were conducted during 1991-1993 on environmental factors affecting the upstream migration of eels in the Rivers Severn and Avon, England. Migrants (> 156 000 pigmented elvers and > 189 000 juveniles) were trapped as they attempted to ascend weir or sluice barriers. Multiple regression models were developed to compare catches per trap per night (C) with data for various key environmental parameters at seven sites, from the tidal limit to a maximum of 42.5 km upstream. The key stimulus for migration of both elvers and juveniles at the tidal limit was water temperature, with some weaker monthly influences related to seasonal temperature increases. Smaller annual influences probably related to earlier glass eel recruitment into the lower estuary. A weak early tidal effect was demonstrated only once, in 1993 in the Severn. Temperature also exerted significant effects on C of juvenile eels at the tidal limit and in the non-tidal rivers, although effects weakened with distance upstream. Year, month, river flows and whether traps were mounted on weirs or sluices made only small contributions at a few sites. Distance between traps also contributed to combined data for upper Severn sites. The threshold temperature in all cases was 14201316°C, with low to zero catches below 10201311°C, catch maxima being achieved above 18201320°C. The implications of strong temperature-dependence of migration in relation to stock recruitment and management are discussed. Special reference is made to recent decreases in recruitment of eels to Europe and N. America and possible long-term effects of global warming.5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01634.x " 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01634.x 1095-8649O Applied Ecol TD? Townend, I.
Dun, R. 2000B A diagnostic tool to study long-term changes in estuary morphology 75-86S Coastal and Estuarine Environments: sedimentology, geomorphology and geoarchaeology- Geological Society Special Publication No.175 Pye, K.
Allen, J. R. L. London The Geological SocietyQ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level; htt *ed from 1976 ASFA printed journals. 23 wPch/ipccre &"/S0043135404005391 0043-1354 655 >
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278434300000145 p7 l? P. Hamilton 1973& The Circulation of the Bristol Channel 409-422! Geophysical Journal International 32 4/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1973.tb05841.x " 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1973.tb05841.x 1365-246XR Liverpool University, Dep+ 4? 8 Freeman, D.
Coates, L.
Ockenden, M.
Roberts, W.
West, J. 1994Q Cohesive sediment transport on an inter-tidal zone under combined wave-tidal flow 283-288 Aquatic Ecology 28 3/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Results are presented for cohesive sediment transport on a muddy inter-tidal zone at Portishead on the Severn estuary, U.K. Data for suspended solids concentration for calm and stormy conditions show the influence of waves in the surt zone, and further seaward. A turbulence model of the water column has been used to explain the turbulent transport mechanisms underlying a conceptual description of the vertical distribution of suspended solids concentration. The conceptual description for combined wave-current conditions proposes a near bed wave boundary layer dominated region, a region above the wave boundary layer controlled by turbulent diffusion effects and an upper region in which local bed generated turbulence is not of primary significance.% http://dx.doi.org/[ Ed? Allen, J. R. L.
Dark, P. 2008z Seasonality of modern pollen and sediment deposition in an estuarine context: The Severn Estuary Levels, southwest England 213-228 Journal of Quaternary Science 23 3/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and SedimentO http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/116327577/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRw D? Allen, J. R. L.
Haslett, S. K. 2007l The Holocene estuarine sequence at Redwick, Welsh Severn Estuary Levels, UK: The character and role of silts 157-174* Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 118 2/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/geol/pga/2007/00000118/00000002/art00003?token=004115e88a_ ? $ Allen, J. R. L.
Lamb, A. L.
Dark, P. 2007o Seasonality of 13C and C/N ratios in modern and mid-Holocene sediments in the Severn Estuary Levels, SW Britain 139-144 Holocene 17 1/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Bulk organic 13C and C/N ratios from mid-Holocene salt-marsh deposits with sedimentary banding re e fb95a666f3a7b2f78317b6f5e20414c486b6749266d652f5c8ee32aE Cited By (since 1996): 1
Export Date: 16 De tETRY=0, Export Date:l3 /?
3 Jenkins, G.O.
Kessler, H.
Jones, D.
Poulton, C.V.L. 2005J A desk study & BGS capability study in the Severn Estuary, United Kingdom.
CR/05/088N
Nottingham British Geological Surveyo Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Severn Estuary, Geology, Sediments, Multi-beam, Sid ?
+ Hitchcock, D.R.
Newell, R.C.
Seiderer, L.J. 1999z Investigation of Benthic and Surface Plumes associated with Marine Aggregate Mining in the United Kingdom – Final Reportw Contract Report for the U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. Contract Number 14-35-0001-30763 Coastline Surveys Ltdn Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
Climate Change .? Kirby, Jason R.
Kirby, R. 2008z Medium timescale stability of tidal mudflats in Bridgwater Bay, Bristol Channel, UK: Influence of tides, waves and climate 2615-2629 Continental Shelf Research 28 19 Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Tidal flat elevation
Mudflats
Deposition
Erosion
North Atlantic Oscillation
Bristol Channel` http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBJ-4TF7CFJ-1/2/e906b06b04646ac192a449695a5d9 @? J. R. L. Allen 2002 Interglacial high-tide coasts in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, southwest Britain: a comparison for the Ipswichian and Holocene 69-76 Journal of Quaternary Science 17 1! Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level- The Ipswichian high-tide coast in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary at the time of the highest sea-levels (5-10 m OD) was wave-dominated almost everywhere. It is defined by raised beaches and inshore sand shoals, and only in comparatively long but narrow inlets (Somerset Levels) are estuarine conditions evident. The modern Holocene seaway is wave-dominated at high tide only up to and including the inner Bristol Channel. A muddy upper shore typifies the large, tide-dominated Severn Estuary to the east and northeast. The larger depth and width of the Ipswichian seaway may explain its greater wave-dominance, but it is also possible that differences in the sediment regime also contribute to the contrast observed. With water levels continuing to rise, the Holocene seaway could reach Ipswichian depths within a few thousand years and evolve toward greater wave-dominance. A secondary effect may be the transgression and substantial removal of the Holocene estuarine sequence associated with the Severn Estuary Levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.642 10.1002/jqs.642 1099-1417| Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, University of Reading, PO B 8&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=129520&md5=9c83b1ca3214ee1c32ea50edee654fc6 0278-4343 Affiliation Hyder Consulting Ltd P.O. Box 4, Pentwyn Road, Nelson, Mid Glamorgan, CF46 6YA UK, damon.obrien@hyder-con.co.uk O D? 6 Morris, J.E.
Warwick, P.E.
Croudace, I.W.
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?, Williams, M. 1970# The Draining of the Somerset Levels Cambridge Cambridge University Pressn Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage
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riverine flow in the upper Severn Estuary. ) of water levels and elevation phase lags ?. Young, A. 1769B A Six Week Tour Through the Southern Counties of England and Wales London
W. Strahan8 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage 2nd Edition. C%population. 4 Welsh Water Authority Gwent, Fiseries Technical Unit eology and Coastal Change Occassional Papers New Series 1 Thompson, F.H. London Soc Antiq8 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage went Approaches to the Second Severn Crossing 38-43; Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee Annual Report 19928 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage Id=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD
20 Yate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment 7edish Society for Anthropology and Geography 04353676 L ate Change Impacts: Habitats
Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment D http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0035 10.1098/rstb.1997.0035 .ox 227, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AB, England 8 16 December 2008
Source: Scopus DOI: 10.1002/jqs.1138 9cember 2008
Source: Scopus DOI: 10.1144/0016-787805-048 Kveal subtle but significant differences between coarse- and fine-grained deposits. These are consistent with findings from seasonally sampled modern silts, and with the interpretation, on physical and palynological grounds, of the fine-grained and coarse-grained components as warm-season and cold-season deposits, respectively. The control is considered to be seasonal variations in the character of the organic matter supplied4 http://hol.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/17/1/139E Cited By (since 1996): 2
Export Date: 16 December 2008
Source: Scopus DOI: 10.1177/0959683607073296 , reviously. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/21/4/301 }
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Source: Scopus 7 Committee* Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
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Source: Scopus @ outline5 Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry :Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment 8-9 October 1981 cithologyX Climate Change Impacts: Species
Climate Change Impacts: Engineering and Built Structures )wl 30 Climate Change Impacts: Species * Pitman Climate Change Impacts: Species ( 10.1007/BF02334196 10.1007/BF02334196 ds are unable to regulate their uptake of trace metals and can therefore be used to provide a running average of metal contamination in the surrounding waters. There are many sources of error, however, and misleading results can be obtained if attention is not paid to factors that influence the metal concentrations in the weed. This becomes particularly important when comparing the results of different investigators.b http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-489RTSN-116/2/56533a03662604ee1df1c25abc919882 9artment of Oceanography, Bedford Street North, Liverpool. Etudies 78 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries tal Systems: Nutrients and Contaminantsb http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-489RTSN-117/2/14882b512354ee0a4b4a5139b47cd41d Ye Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries Comparisons of the rates of growth, feeding habits and heavy metal levels of flounders from Barnstaple and Oldbury-on-Severn have shown that at all ages the fish from the North Devon coast are larger than those from the middle Severn estuary and that there are marked differences in diet. These differences in diet may contribute to the much higher zinc levels of the Barnstaple flounder samples.
In the six other fish species which have been examined, there is a distinct correlation between the cadmium concentrations of the tissues and the proportion of crustaceans in the diet. Lead concentrations appear to follow a similar trend, but no relationship could be detected between diet and tissue zinc levels.a http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-488Y64R-H7/2/646ac793a2e2c62adf1872013c40ac4b ransit off Avonmouth (England) has proved that sand waves reverse their orientation during the tidal cyclea http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6M-488FNKC-2C/2/0ec441df1bf744678e68c3c6505267b6 5mate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries 2e Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries kate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries4 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=4640774 D servation8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries Cervation8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries D iety 328 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems C Council8 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems x Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry5 http://www.mms.gov/itd/pubs/1999/99-0029/Contents.pdf Ref. 98-555-03 (Final) Siencedirect.com/science/article/B75CJ-4903DXB-1/2/f4a6df6e0c832be813960a6f03993b6d Cscience/article/B7CTC-4SFRFKY-7/2/0399ccc263dadcc3cca24b0c206f206d 9rs 28/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment rd Kingdomf Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems
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Source: Scopus Vsciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MFJ-4DXBTHJ-7G/2/d5cc7ea334ad4a1739e8a3286875847e V Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants! http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/11047/ Em of Wales8 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems H Cardiff= Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal
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Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants -6): 7
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Source: Scopus | rom the Sabrina Project on heavy metal pollution in the Bristol Channel, this time affecting the Welsh side. While most of the contamination probably originates in the Avonmouth area, a secondary source of zinc and cadmium pollution seems to exist in the neighbourhood of Swansea.a http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-488G6MS-1Y/2/7a5da1d050b3af880b585ec7a198feb0 !aphy 10/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sedimentj A three-dimensional numerical model is described. The variation through the depth of the dependent variables, other than the sea surface elevation, is expressed in terms of an arbitrary set of basis functions, giving a continuous representation through the vertical which is not available from layered models. The model is developed so as to allow continuous density stratification. As a first test of the method, the model is applied to the Bristol Channel, assuming homogeneous conditions. Comparisons are made between model and observed values of the M2 tidal constituent for both sea surface elevation and current.v http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0485(1980)010%3C1290%3AATDMOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2 5
Dl Society 62/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess a ;rticle/B6V6M-48CGJW9-S7/2/cb7daf3c26f68c6d471bb4dc9dd3a4b6 -.0 ' Export Date: 11 May 2007
Source: Scopus ?ronment5 Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry Sencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6N-488Y5YR-DK/2/72921c688fb4b7bdb9ab2a05f6c12154 :ticle/B6VBJ-4894SJT-4V/2/3d135aea22b108843b09741dbba9350a 5 $University and Environment Agencya Adaptation: Coast , ciety 27 Climate Change Impacts: Species , ciety 29 Climate Change Impacts: Species Frocesses.% http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01758661 10.1007/BF01758661 4 ate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage 5 hange Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Unpublished 7ciety/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment U ProblemsI Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants , y Council Climate Change Impacts: Habitats :rticle/B6VBJ-48CFWK7-W/2/861321c24e9e02b673e52389c49414d8 +Capacity 10.1111/j.1475-4959.2008.00303.x ;on HMSO/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment 5mate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems T ciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V78-49157PS-2/2/ae766a32526864b905b7371ee204668b -6): 3
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Source: Scopus 9 15 2/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment cte Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
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Source: Scopus tage Coast, Wales, UK, was analysed using a recently developed environmental risk assessment package (ERA). Conflict with Heritage Coast conservation objectives is apparent and the act of building such a structure is questioned for a location where maintenance ofnatural beauty is an axiom of the coastal management philosophy. The likelyhood of revetment related environmental consequences of significant magnitude was analysed using estimated probability values derived from Bavesian theory. The damaging impact of the structure on the natural environment is out of all proportion to the level of storm protection afforded to the site. Analyses, such as carried out via ERA, would have shown planners, engineers and environmentalists, the inadequacies of such an investment and management strategy. The ERA approach can help to introduce greater clarity and consistency into decision making processes] http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034481142&partnerID=40&rel=R6.0.0 ' Export Date: 11 May 2007
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Adaptation: Shoreline Management
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Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning +gy 19! Climate Change Impacts: Amenities 2n, China' Adaptation: Strategic Policy & Planning *nt 11 Adaptation: Shoreline Management %
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xD? Shuttler, R.M. 1982' The wave climate in the Severn Estuary. Severn Barrage. I.O.C. Engineers, London Thomas Telford,h Climate Chan
T? Smith, S.
Willan, G.R. 1937k A preliminary note on the geology of the Bristol Channel islands, Steep Holme, Flat Holm, and Denny Island. 91-92 Geological Magazine, 872 74/ Climate Change I3
? % Smith, D.N.
Osborne, P.J.
Barrett, J. 1997b Preliminary palaeoentomological research at the Iron Age sites at Goldcliff, Gwent, Wales, 1991-93 255-267D Studies in Quaternary entomology; an inordinate fondness for insects, Ashworth, A.C.
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p? Sollas, W.J. 1883 On the estuaries of the Severn and its tributaries: an enquiry into the nature and origin of their tidal sediment and alluvial flats. 611-6275 Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 39/ Climate Chan k
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Stride, A.H., 1982 Offshore Tidal Sands. 222 London Chapman & Hall,/ Climate Cha
<? Tunbridge, I.P. 1986E Mid-Devonian tectonics and sedimentation in the Bristol Channel area. 107-115, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 143 1/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment The Hangman Sandstone Group (Eifelian)
? Turner, S.R. 1976B Some aspects of sedimentary bodies in parts of the Bristol Channel 235 PhD Swansea Univer
? Van, H.B. 1987W The South Celtic Sea/ Bristol Channel basin; origin, deformation and inversion history. 309-334> Compressional intra-plate deformations in the Alpine Foreland. P.A. Ziegler Tectonophysics! Cli
x?
9 Velgrakis, A.F., Lee, M.W.E., Dix, J.K. and Collins, M.B. 1996L Evaluation of waste coal deposits offshore Lavernock point, Bristol Channel. Southampton University of S
H? Walker, M.J.C. 1998x Palaeoecological investigations of middle and late Flandrian buried peats on the Caldicot Levels, Severn Estuary, Wales. 51-78* Proceedings of The Geologists' Association 109/ Clima
D? G Warwick, P.E., Croudace, I.W., Howard, A.G., Cundy, A.B. and Morris, J. 2002l Spatial and temporal variation of tritium activities in coastal marine sediments of the Severn Estuary, U.K.( 12th annual V. M. Goldschmidt conference `
t? # Whitehouse, R.J.S.
Mitchener, H.J. 1998] Observations of the morphodynamic behaviour of an intertidal mudflat at different timescales. 255-271- Sedimentary processes in the intertidal zone.$ Black,K.S.
Paterson,D.M.
Cramp, A. London' Geological Socie
HD? Whittaker, A.
Green, G.W. 19834 The Geology of the Country around Weston-Super-Mare.C Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England & Wales) London HMSO/ Climate
$? Whittard, W.F. 19497 Geology of the Aust-Beachley District, Gloucestershire. 365-376 Geological Magazine 86 6/ Climate Change
? 4 Wilson, D., Davies, J.R., Smith, M. and Waters, R.A. 1988J Structural controls on upper Palaeozoic sedimentation in South-east Wales. 901-914, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 145 6/ Climate Cha
D? Wright, J.E 19750 Sand and Gravel Deposits in Western U.K. Waters.U Oceanic Management: Conflicting Uses of the Celtic Sea and Other Western U.K. Waters. Sibthorpe, M.M.
Unwin, M. London Europa Publications,/ Climate Change
? Yallop, M.L.
Paterson, D.M. 1994 Survey of Severn estuary. 279 - 326 Biostabilization of sediments.* Krumbein, W.E.
Paterson, D.M.
Stal, L. o R?
ABPMer 2008J Severn Tidal Power Scoping Topic Paper: Marine and Estuarine Water Quality So s ?
ABPMer 2008F Severn Tidal Power - Scoping Topic Paper: Hydraulics and Geomorphology Parsons Br
? Ajayi, T. O. 1982V Food and feeding habits of Raja species (Batoidei) in Carmarthen Bay, Bristol Channel. 215-2235 Jounal of the Marine Biological Association of t
XF? Aprahamian, M.W. 1988o Age Structure of eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.) Populations in the River Severn, England and the River Dee, Wales.$ Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 19 4n Water Res. Cent., Medmenham, Marlow, SL7 2HD, UK %+Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
? Aprahamian, M.W.
Jones, G.O. 1997q The seaward movement of Atlantic salmon smolts in the Usk estuary, Wales, as inferred from power station catches. 442-444 Journal of Fish BiologyC
p? Aprahamian, M.W.
Aprahamian,C.D. 2001 The influence of water temperature and flow on year class strengh of twaite shad (Alosa fallax fallax) from the River Severn, England. 953-9723 Bulletin Francais de la peche et de la pisciculture 36
p? ( Aprahamian, M.W.
Jones, G.O.
Gough, P.J. 1998; Movement of adult Atlantic salmon in the Usk estuary, Wales 221-225 Journal of Fish Biology %/7/1472 doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsm131 Y \ Somerset and the sea: The 1981 storm - 25 years on Exeter Environment Agencyt Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
Adaptation: Shoreline Management
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level A description of the storm which hit Avon and Somerset in decebmer 1981 and the damage caused along the coastline. Our work and investment al;
? 4 Bowker, D.W.
Ferns, P.N.
Phillips, D.R.
Mawle, G.W. 1998 Modelling the impact of the regulation of estuarine drift-netting on the declared rod catch of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in the river Usk. 569-576 Freshwater biology 398 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries @ 538 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries @,2/3638 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
? Claridge, P.N.
Gardner, D.C. 1978H Movements of twaite shad, Alosa fallax (Lacepede), in the Severn Estuary 203-211 Journal of Fish Biology
Monitoring of lamprey in the Rivers Wye and Usk SACs 2005-2006 Bangor Countryside
? Henderson, P.A.
Holmes, R.H.A. 1990Y Population stability over a ten-year period in the short-lived fish Liparis liparis (L.). 605-615 Journal of Fish Bio
? Henderson, P.A.
Seaby, R.M. 1999F Population stability of the sea snail at the southern edge of its race 1161-1176 Journal of Fish Bio ?
Hillman, R. 2003D The distribution, biology and ecology of shad in South-West England. R&D Technical Report W1-047 Bristol* Environment Agency R & D Technical Support8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
P? Hunn, J.B.
Youngs, W.D. 1980L Role of physical barriers in the control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) 2118-21222 Canadian Journaol of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc
? Lennon, G. W. 1963V A frequency investigation of abnormally high tidal levels at certain west coast ports. 451–483/ Proceedings of the Insti
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Morrissey, D.J.
Sait, S.M. 1988W Ecology of the subestuaries of the River Severn. A report to the Departement of Ene? Birol, E.
Cox, V. 2007h Using Choice Experiments to Design Wetland Management Programmes: The Case of Severn Estuary Wetland, UK 363-3800 Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 50 39 Adaptation: Cost Benefit Analysis/Environmental Economics D ce Report8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries ?
Ellis, J.C. 2002* Water quality trends in the Severn Estuary R&D Technical Report, E133 Environment Agency BristolI Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants Eence, 518 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries Eology 518 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries
80% of beach litter could be found in a 25m width transect. A long linear beach had litter abundance ranging from 201 and 1525 items of litter/100m stretch. On these beaches several survey points are recommended. Principal component analysis of litter found on Bristol Channel beaches showed the western end as being heavily influenced by shipping/fishing sourced debris; eastern extremity beaches were subject to greater inputs from river and land sources. Turkish beach/UK roadside surveys of litter formed a distinct land user source group when compared with the diverse litter found on Bristol Channel beaches. Questionnaire studies (2727 persons) related to public opinions of beach litter and beach management issues indicated that: sewage related debris and hazardous items were ranked as the most offensive litter items; 52% of respondents were unaware of any beach award; beach choice was primarily decided by the presence of clean sand and water; beaches should be graded by a 'star' system; no dogs should be allowed on a resort beach during the2# ? Lloyd, A.J. 1941 1. The marine fish fauna of the southern shores of the Bristol Channel. 2. Biology of crangon vulgaris in the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary. PhD Bristol University of Bristol8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries Unpubli
? Ferentinos, G. 1978q Hydrodynamic and sedimentation processes in Swansea Bay and along the central northern Bristol Channel coastline. PhD Swansea University of Wales Swansea/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Unpublished (? Saadon, N.M 1987. Numerical modelling of coastal water movements PhD Swansea University of Wales Swansea/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Unpublished PhD Thesis The shallow water equations have been solved numerically using the Galerkin finite element method. Flow problems which can be classified as one-dimensional and two-dimensional are investigated. Two differing types of integration procedure (Gaussian Quadrature scheme and a mixed quadrature scheme involving both Gaussian Quadrature and Simpson's Rule) are examined to determine the most efficient way of obtaining the finite element solutions. The mixed quadrature scheme is shown to be a faster but less accurate process than the Gaussian scheme. The numerical results from the one-dimensional models are initially tested by comparison with the known analytic solutions for a straight channel and a wedge-shaped channel. Solutions from numerical models show good agreement with the analytic solutions. The one-dimensional models are also used to simulate the M2 tide in the Bristol Channel. The results are in good agreement with observed field data. The two-dimensional models are tested against analytic solutions for a straight canal and an open coastal embayment with a variety of bottom topographies. The numerical results are in good agreement with the analytic solutions. Finite element solutions are found for real situations, in particular the area around Lundy Island within the Bristol Channel and in the Bristol Channel itself. The numerical solutions are compared with the observed field data. The two-dimensional numerical models produce solutions which are in good agreement with observed field data. An analysis of the eddy formation around Lundy Island shows that these features, which were first observed in satellite imagery, are predicted by the two-dimensional numerical models. Coriolis force is shown to be important in the formation of the island wake. The one-dimensional numerical models are less successful in predicting the observed field data than the two-dimensional numerical models but the former are very efficient in terms of computer time and also
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Badsha, K. S. 1977x The ecology of flounders (Platichthys flesus) and other major fish species in the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel PhD Bath University of Bath8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Fisheries UnpublisRC
? Jones, O.P. 2007% Modelling headland sandbank processes PhD London University College London/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Unpublished PhD Thesis This thesis describes an investigation into near-shore headland-associated sandbanks that used process-based modelling techniques. The modelling experiments involved tidal, wave, sediment transport and morphological modules. The motivation came from a need to understand the dynamics of near-shore headland sandbanks which are valuable resources of raw material, ecology and coastal protection.
An idealised model of a coastal headland was first used in which the physical system was simplified in order to quantify the influence of individual variables on sandbank initiation and growth. This approach provided a number of useful insights into headland sandbank dynamics. Firstly, the relative impact of the Coriolis force was shown to be minor in comparison with parameters including the seabed slope, headland geometry and tidal forcing. It was shown that a causal relationship between sandbank initiation and headland eddies does not exist. For certain headland geometries, however, the model suggested that the eddies become important in the long term maintenance of the associated headland sandbanks.
The initiation and potential growth mechanisms of a real-shore sandbank in the central Bristol Channel have also been investigated. The results confirmed many of the ideas obtained from the idealised investigation and provided a number of new insights into the complex physical system in which the bank exists. The presence of a wave-induced mechanism was detected, capable of replenishing sandy material in the large coastal embayments and supplying the headland sandbanks of the central Bristol Channel. The work also suggested that the sandbank itself was initiated, and its position controlled, by large gradients in the tidal currents produced by the headland. Its further maintenance and development was shown to be the result of a self-sustaining feedback mechanism, detected in the surroundi =
ical sewage outfall is placed off the Mumbles in the Bristol ? Hughes, C.E. 1980C Interglacial marine deposits and strandlines of the Somerset Levels Unpublished PhD Thesis Aberystwyth! University of Wales, Aberystwyth,/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment h?
Tetlow, E. A. 2004R The palaeoentomology of the salt marshes & coastal woodlands of the Severn Estuary PhD
Birmingham University of Birmingham8 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage Unpublished Ph.D Thesis During the past twenty years, the peat shelves which fringe both the English and Welsh shores of the Severn Estuary have been subject to detailed archaeological and palaeoenvironmental analysis. The field of palaeoentomology has played a significant role in the site specific palaeoenvironmental reconstruction at a series of locations throughout the estuary.
This research aims to produce a site specific palaeoentomological study of four locations: Goldcliff East, Redwick and Gravel Banks in the Severn Estuary and Westward Ho! In the Bristol Channel from the mid Mesolithic to the mid Bronze Age. Palaeoentomological analysis has been combined with other forms of proxy evidence which include plant macrofossils, pollen and foraminifera.
Research criteria include: the inter-relationship between human exploitation and the coastal zone. Spatial and temporal scales over which changes to coastal and estuarine ecotones occurred and factors which may have driven these changes. These findings have than been compared on an estuary wide basis with other multi-period sites which have already received site specific, multi proxy study such as Goldcliff (Bell, Caseldine & Neumann 2000), a sisi The Severn Estuary in Southwest Britain has undergone major changes to its sedimentary environments during the Quaternary, culminating in the accretion of extensive deposits of estuarine alluviam during the Flandrian. The transgression of the Flandrian seas is shown to have deposited variable thicknesses of silt and sand in the Bristol Channel and Lower Severn Estuary during an initial period of fast sea level rise, followed by estuary-wide deposits of mud over seven metres deep as the rate of sea level rise abated.
It is suggested that the relatively persistent organic sediments at about Ordnance Datum in the Lower Estuary represents a period of peat growth due to static sea levels about 6000 years ago. As the Estuary moved up the Severn Valley, considerable sand and mud deposits formed in the Upper Estuary due to the interaction of the river and estuary systems. Freshwater peats seem to have formed in response to rising groundwater levels away from the margin at a lower altitude than the near channel deposits. Recent studies of the rates of accretion on the saltmarshes of the Severn implies that sea level is rising and may be accelerating. In light of current predictions of eustatic sea level rise and the potential 'greenhouse effect' a computer model was derived to assess the future tidal regime of the Severn.
The simulation of the tidal regime was undertaken by deriving a mathematical model of flow, based upon the work of De St Venant. The flow equations were solved by an implicit finite difference method using Preissman's four point scheme. The model results show favourable correlation with known tidal events observed in the Severn and it was deemed that the model could be used as a predictive tool.
The model has been used to demonstrate the tidal heights, flows and velocities on spring, neap, surge, future and abnormal tides which may occur i t? Otto, S. 1996@ The erosion of saltmarshes along the Severn Estuary, SW Britain PhD Reading University of ReadingP Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Habitats Unpublished PhD Thesis The Severn Estuary has a long history of shoreline instability, as evidenced by the presence of at least four discrete morphostratigraphic saltmarsh units, representing phases of marsh accretion and advance, with intermittent erosional periods. Circumstantial evidence suggests that in the past these accretional and erosional cycles have been governed by changes in the wind-wave climate. Owing to the orientation of the Estuary, increases in the frequency and severity of south-westerly and westerly winds - along the longest fetches in the system - promote marsh exposure and erosion. For the last few decades a strongly erosional regime has returned, affecting the oldest marshes most, and the youngest and back marsh clifflets least. Erosion rates in excess of 4.5 metres per year have been recorded.
A simple estuary-wide wave climate model, based on the average yearly wind record of 1970 to 1988 inclusive, shows that the present-data distribution and morphologies of the different saltmarsh units along the shores of the Severn Estuary are a function of their exposure to the prevailing wind-wave regime and distance from the most proximal channel. During the period of this study the average total number of hours with near-gale to gale force winds has almost tripled compared with the average wind record of 1970 to 1988, while no significant shift in the vector mean wind direction can be recognized.
Wave refraction modelling has been used for selected areas of the Estuary to explain erosional 'hotspots'; the importance of sandbanks is illustrated.
The behaviour of artificially formed mud clasts from the four marsh units was investigated in wave tank experiments. Their durability increased steadily from the youngest to the oldest marsh formation, and within each formation desiccation resulted in the most rapid degradation of mud clasts, followed generally by freeze-thaw processes. Both factors thus play as important a role here as they do in the pre-conditioning of marsh cliffs bO ? Scott, L.J. 1996i Numerical modelling of tidal propagation in the Severn estuary using a boundary-fitted coordinate system. PhD Salford University of Salford/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Unpublished Ph.D ThesisJ The limitations of Cartesian grid finite-difference schemes in replicating the arbitrarily curved coastlines of natural water bodies has led to increasing use of curvilinear boundary-fitted grids in the field of computational hydraulics. The boundary-fitted technique offers the mesh flexibility and accurate boundary representation normally associated with the finite-element method while retaining the simplicity and efficiency of a finite-difference solution.
This thesis presents details of a numerical scheme for the solution of the shallow water equations on arbitrary non-orthogonal boundary-fitted grids. The scheme consists essentially of two modules: the first generates the non-orthogonal curvilinear grid within the prescribed flow domain, the second solves the governing hydrodynamic equations in curvilinear coordinates using the finite-difference method. The model is capable of simulating any well-mixed shallow flow but is tailored to the study of estuaries and coastal seas by inclusion of an algorithm to allow for the covering and uncovering of intertidal areas as the tide ebbs and flows.
For validation purposes the model has been used to simulate a number of simple (but challenging) flow regimes for which analytical solutions exist. These have shown the scheme to be both accurate and stable. The versatility of the method has been demonstrated by simulating the tidal hydrodynamics of the Severn Estuary. This presents a stringent test of model capabilities because of the complex coastline, extensive intertidal areas and extreme tidal asymmetry.
In addition to the boundary-fitted scheme, a one-dimensional model has been built which solves the section-averaged equations of flow. This is joined to the two-dimensional model using a novel coupling technique and has been ?
Morris, J. E. 2006B Organically bound tritium in sediments from the Severn estuary, UK PhD Southampton Southampton UniversityI Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants Unpublished PhD Thesis Amersham plc, now GE healthcare, has discharged both organically bound tritium (OBT) and tritiated water (HTO) into the Severn estuary since 1981. The OBT component of these discharges results in elevated tritium (3H) activities in the sediments and biota of the estuary. A monthly sampling programme, covering February 2000 to May 2004, has provided the first detailed description of the spatial and temporal distribution of 3H activities in surface sediments from the estuary. Four sediment cores were also collected from salt marshes on the northern shore, to obtain longer term records of tritium accumulation. The spatial distribution of sediment 3H activities correlates well with predicted patterns of suspended sediment circulation, with higher activities (up to 3 Bq/g dry weight) in sediments from site within 10 km of the Amersham plc discharge point and at a greater distance to the east. Temporal variations in the 3H activities of both surface and core sediments are predominantly controlled by the magnitude, composition and pre-discharge treatment of organic 3H discharges from Amersham plc, with secondary sediment composition effect; lower 3H activities are generally measured in sandy/gravely sediments than in muddy sediments. The dated sediment 3H activity profile in one of the salt marsh cores corresponds to the Amersham plc OBT discharge record, indicating that 3H is persistent in sediments over a period of 25 years. Up to 60% of the OBT in sediments could only be extracted with strong acids and bases, indicating that it may be composed of large, complex and hydrophobic compounds that are only extractable when lysed, such as humic compounds and/or large I ; ?
Narbett, R.W. 1993S Geological and engineering properties of estuarine alluvium from the Severn Estuary PhD Bristol University of Bristol! Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level Unpublished PhD Thesisg Estuarine lowlands, making up 3% of Britain's land mass, are desirable sites for industrial development. Typical estuarine deposits are characterised by normally consolidated low strength material upon which a firm to stiff surface crust has developed. This weathered zone possesses sufficient bearing capacity for light structures provided foundations are set shallow enough; larger buildings require piled foundations. The higher strength of the surface crust is shown to be related to the oxidation of iron, a chemical change brought about by the desiccation/weathering of the upper sediments to give an 'overconsolidated' character. Analysis of ferrous iron is hindered by rapid oxidation when estuarine alluvium is exposed to aerating conditions; this is restricted if samples are both rapidly sealed and tested in their natural state, without drying and crushing.
Geochemical and engineering tests performed on alluvial sediments in front of the sea embankments provided information on the development of a mature alluvial profile. The progressive leaching of sodium chloride and calcium carbonate is observed beneath higher alluvial surfaces. Leached calcite reprecipitates in the form of pea sized nodules at about half a metre depth, while the presence of leached zones at depth indicates buried alluvial surfaces.
Organics within estuarine sediments have several consequences, not only resulting in high compressibility but also influencing the Atterberg limits, with a positive correlation between organic content and liquid limit. The influence of vegetation in causing rapid accretion is highlighted by the correlation between anthropogenic heavy metals and organics. It has been shown that relating the rate of sea level to rise to sediment accretion has many inherent assumptions and that a sharp upturn in sea level rise in the last 150 years within the Severn Estuary is partly related to the sediment trapping qualities of Spartina rather than eustatic changes. The morphology of the alluvial cliffline at the estuary margin is seen to be a function of both its elevation and position relative to the main currents in the estuary.
Lime stabilisation as a possible means of strengthening the soft alluvial sediments beneath the weathered crust was investigated. The addition of 6% lime to remoulded alluvial samples resulted in a increase in strength from 1 kPa to 20 kPa, but only a small improvement on the undisturbed strength. Only a combination of lime and anhydrous calcium sulphate of the chemical admixtures tested in this research improved the strength more than lime alone. Strengths of >100 kPa were achieved within 60 days for samples containing a 2:3 (lime:calcium sulphate) mix. The poor diffusive properties of lime indicate that stabilisation of estuarine deposits should be attempted by the installation of soil/admixture columns rather than chemical piles or injectio ? Griffiths, E.C. 1973E Sedimentary response to the tidal regime of the Upper Severn estuary. PhD Bristol University of Bristol/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Unpublished PhD Thesis Unpublished PhD Thesis Species Unpublished PhD Thesis entId=13939&RQT=309&VName=PQD hed PhD Thesis bathing season. omanov, I.A. 0DChannel a Ph.D Thesis ng flow field.
09&VName=PQD 18nge: Regi PhD Thesis
vern Estuary. hed PhD Thesis ? George, C.R. 1995B Variation in the erosion threshold of natural intertidal sediments PhD Bristol University of Bristol1 Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment Unpublished PhD Thesis The erosion characteristics of natural cohesive sediments were investigated in field and laboratory studies. Initial measurements were made on intact cores of natural sediment in laboratory flume systems at the University of Bristol and at H.R. Wallingford Ltd. Erodibility was found to decrease significantly with increasing tidal height. In addition to physical effects, the results indicated the importance of biological parameters. Results from this work also confirmed the importance of in situ studies and indicated that the use of laboratory systems to determine the natural behaviour of cohesive sediments must be treated with extreme caution.
Development of a portable cohesive strength meter (CSM), to measure in situ, the stress required to cause sediment erosion, was completed and calibration carried out using flush-mounted shear stress probes (Plymouth University). A second in situ system (Instrument for shear stress in situ, ISIS) was developed, evaluated and calibrated in a similar manner to the CMS in a co-operative project with H.R. Wallingford Ltd. Data from CSM were compared for three other devices: ISIS; a laboratory flume; and an in situ flume. Measures of critical erosion thresholds, for similar sediments, were consistently higher for the CSM than the other devices. The differences were attributed to the hydrodynamics of the systems.
A long-term field study of cohesive sediment mud-flats on the Severn estuary, demonstrated the temporal variability of mudflat ecosystems, but indicated the need for a more intensive measurement program in order to describe short-term and small-scale variation in sediment properties. Short-term experiments, conducted on mud-flats in the Severn Estuary and on a mixed sand flat on the island of Texel (The Netherlands) supported these observations and demonstrated that sediment stability can change significantly on a spatial scale of centimetres and a temporal scale of hours.
o? Williams, G.A. 19886 Niche partitioning in Littorina obtusata and L. mariae PhD Bristol University of Bristol8 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems Unpublished PhD Thesis Littorina obtusata (L.) and L.mariae Sacchi and Rastelli are congeneric species of gastropod inhabiting similar niches on the rocky intertidal. Both species show clines of morphological variation, and these are described for populations in the Severn estuary. Detailed study was carried out at Sawdern, West Wales. L.obtusata lives over a wide vertical range, but its optimum niche is at mid shore on Ascophyllum nodosum. L.obtusata is a macro-algal grazer and feeds on the fronds of Ascophyllum. This is a reliable resource and maintains all the stages of L.obtusata's 3-4 year life history. L.mariae is restricted to low shore on Fucus serratus. It is a micro-epiphyte browser and the timing of its development is linked to the seasonal presence of epiphytes, and the winter die-back of F.serratus fronds. It lives for only one year. The potential niches of the two species (as determined by abiotic factors) were investigated using caging experiments. These showed that L.obtusata actually grew better when caged at low shore than at mid shore. The potential niche of L.mariae, however, does not include mid shore; physical factors limit its growth at this level. The realized niches of the two species are maintained by directional movement. Both species homed to their own zone when displaced; while movement within their own zones was random. Predation pressure by crabs was investigated at low shore. Tethered individuals of both species were voraciously eaten. It is suggested that predation would eradicate L.obtusata populations at low shore due to the vulnerability of the thin-shelled juvenile stages. L.mariae avoids this pressure because it quickly grows a smaller but thicker shell, reaching sexual maturity within a year. Predation pressure is therefore proposed as the major evolutionary force partitioning the niches of L.obtusata and L.mariae, resulting in the differences in their morphology, life history and ecology.
DOI: 10.1177/0959683607078988 X ignmentN Sea defences built at Minehead, Somerset, to reduce the risk of tidal flooding ?
Environment Agency, 2001N Investigation of litter problems in the Severn Estuary / Bristol Channel area. R&D Technical Summary E1-082/TS Bristol Environment AgencyI Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants ?
Environment Agency, 2007: Fate and Transport of Particles in Estuaries, Volumes 1-4. SC000002 volumes 1-4, Environment AgencyI Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants "T?
Parsons Brinckerhoff, 2008% Severn Tidal Power SEA Scoping Report Bristol> A report to the Department of Energy and Climate C ' ?
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Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry veport to the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)8 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage A report to the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)W Climate Change Impacts: Amenities
Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry on Requirements Under the Habitats Directive Southampton> A report to the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)j Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems the Severn Estuary Bristol> A report to the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)9 Adaptation: Cost Benefit Analysis/Environmental Economics %hange (DECC) Mitigation: Renewables? w 'D? UK Hydrographic Office, 20043 Chart 1152 Bristol Channel Nash Point to Sand Pointh North Limit Ea w '?
UK Hydrographic Office, 20041 Chart 1176 Severn Estuary Steep Holm to Avonmouth= Panel Name Sever w %? UK Hydrographic Office, 2002_ Chart 1166 River Severn Avonmouth to Sharpness and Hock Cliff
Climate # w )? UK Hydrographic Office, 2009 Chart 1859 Port of Bristole Panel Name A King Road
Natural Scale 1 w )? UK Hydrographic Office, 2002/ Chart 1160 Harbours in Somerset and North Devon
Panel Name A Lynmo ) )lChange Impacts: Sea Level Includes A Avonmouth to Severn Bridge
Natural Scale 25000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 37'.83N 2° 36'.10W 51° 29'.32N 2° 44'.40W
Panel Name B Severn Bridge to Sharpness
Natural Scale 25000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 44'.33N 2° 25'.89W 51° 35'.82N 2° 40'.73W
Panel Name C Sharpness to Hock Cliff
Natural Scale 25000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 47'.26N 2° 22'.56W 51° 42'.93N 2° 30'.19W
Panel Name D Sharpness Docks
Natural 0st Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 25'.07N 2° 52'.86W 51° 07'.53N 3° 34'.88W Taunton UKHOQ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Clima q 0n Estuary Steep Holm to Avonmouth
Natural Scale 40000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 33'.62N 2° 39'.13W 51° 20'.02N 3° 12'.88W
Panel Name Newport
Natural Scale 20000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 35'.48N 2° 57'.52W 51° 31'.42N 3° 00'.08W Taunton UKHOQ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Cl 1 0Scale 10000 Taunton UKHO/ Climate Change Im 1 ,tuth
Natural Scale 20000
North Limit East Limit 10000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 31'.83N 2° 41'.42W 51° 29'.16N 2° 47'.13W
Panel Name B River Avon
Natural Scale 10000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 29'.53N 2° 37'.07W 51° 26'.86N 2° 42'.78W
Panel Name C City Docks
Natural Scale 5000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 27'.24N 2° 35'.42W 51° 26'.69N 2° 37'.63W
Panel Name D City Docks to Saint Anne's Bridge
Natural Scale 25000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 27'.73N 2° 32'.78W 51° 26'.22N 2° 35'.64W Taunton UKHOQ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Clima
1@ South Limit West Limit
51° 15'.73N 3° 47'.07W 51° 13'.67N 3° 50'.68W
Panel Name B Porlock
Natural Scale 20000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 14'.48N 3° 34'.60W 51° 12'.42N 3° 38'.50W
Panel Name C Minehead
Natural Scale 20000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 14'.08N 3° 26'.40W 51° 11'.10N 3° 30'.00W
Panel Name D Watchet
Natural Scale 20000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 13'.28N 3° 18'.00W 51° 10'.30N 3° 21'.36W
Panel Name F Barnstaple and Bideford
Natural Scale 25000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 07'.80N 4° 03'.43W 51° 00'.90N 4° 16'.90W
Panel Name G Ilfracombe
Natural Scale 12500
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 13'.43N 4° 05'.61W 51° 12'.27N 4° 07'.67W
Panel Name E Lundy
Natural Scale 25000
North Limit East Limit South Limit West Limit
51° 12'.75N 4° 37'.24W 51° 09'.02N 4° 41'.57W Taunton UKHOQ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Clim 'te Change Impacts: Sea Level 1:50,000 *imate Change Impacts: Sea Level 1:40,000 )pacts: Storminess and Sediment 1:25,000 'te Change Impacts: Sea Level 1:50,000 ( ate Change Impacts: Sea Level 1:20,000 ?
Black and Veach Ltd., 2006p Tidal Power in the UK. Review of Severn Barrage Proposals. A report for the Sustainable Development Commission Mitigation: Renewables- Tidal ? British Geological Survey, 1996j Inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, England and Wales Sheet. Pre quaternary and quaternary geology. Keyworth, Nottingham BGS/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment ?
Fong, S.W.
Heaps, N.S. 1978= A note on quater-wave tidal resonance in the Bristol Channel. IOS Report No.63 Taunton IOS! Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level & Planning Appendix I - List Of Relevant Authorities
Appendix Ii - Spa Boundary Map
Appendix Iii - Supporting Habitats Maps
Appendix Iv - Supporting Habitat Maps
Appendix V - Low Tide Bird Counts
Appendix Vi - Low Tide Bird Counts 2002-2003
Consultation Response Table z?
Severn Tidal Power Group, 1989 The Severn Barrage Project. Detailed Report Vol. 1 "Tidal Hydrodynamics, Sediments, Water Quality, Land Drainage and Sea Defences" ETSU Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants
Adaptation: Shoreline Management Energy Paper 57. TID 4060 PI ?
South Gloucestershire Council, 20058 South Gloucestershire Landscape Character Assessment SPD5 Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, Industry The SPD provides a statement of the character of South Gloucestershire's landscapes, their distinctive attributes and features, together with an assessment of the changes taking place in the landscapeK http://www.southglos.gov.uk/_Resources/Publications/PTE/05/0200/PTE-05-0149 <`?
Countryside Council for Wales, 2001, Phase 1 intertidal survey of marine biotopes Bangor CCW8 Climate Change Impacts: Species, ? British Geological Survey, 1996P Bristol Channel. Bedrock geology (DigRock250) and sea-bed sediments (DigSBS250) Keyworth, Nottingham BGS/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
1: 250 000 A.E.
Crowther, J.
Lawler, M. 1990S Archaeology of the Second Severn Crossing: assessment and recommendations for Gwent Swansea& Glamorgan–Gwent Archaeological Trust8 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage ?
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Straker, V . 1992d Archaeology of the Second Severn Crossing: Assessment and recommendations for the English Approaches Swansea Glamorgan Gwent Archaeol Trust8 Climate Change Impacts: Cultural/Archaeological heritage sedimentology of estuaries Developments in Sedimentology 53 Perillo, G.M.E Elsevier/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Habitats and Ecosystems D ?
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Law, R. 2007| Offshore SEA 8. A Review of the Contaminant Status of SEA 8 covering the Western Approaches, Celtic Sea and English Channel London/ D* E8?
CEFAS, 2007? Offshore SEA 8. Fish and fish assemblages of the British Isles London/ Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC)8 Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: FisheriesR E?
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Mason, T. 2007 Offshore SEA 8. DTI (DECC) Strategic Environmental Assessment Area 8, Superficial Seabed Processes and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity London/ Department for SL?
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Stephens, J. A. 2007 Offshore SEA 8. Hydrography London/ Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC)/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and SedimentO http://www.offshore5 Fx?!
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Flemming, C. B. 2007c Offshore SEA 8. Background information on marine mammals for Strategic Environm ange (DECC)! Climate Change Impacts: AmenitiesO http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/consultations/SEA_8/SEA8_TechRep_Rec_Boating.pdf D ge (DECC)8 Climate Change Impacts: Species, Habitats and Ecosystems epartment for Energy and Climate Change (DECC)I Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and ContaminantsP http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/consultations/SEA_8/SEA8_TechRep_Contaminants.pdf S http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/consultations/SEA_8/SEA8_TechRep_Fish_of_BI.pdf.pdf Energy and Climate Change (DECC)e Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, IndustryY http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/consultations/SEA_8/SEA8_TechRep_SeabedProc_HCProspect.pdf ^ogical heritageL http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/consultations/SEA_8/SEA8_TechRep_Mar_Arch.pdf ental Assessment 8. London/ Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) Climate Change Impacts: SpeciesQ http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/consultations/SEA_8/SEA8_TechRep_MarineMammals.pdf9?#
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Morley, N. 2007F Offshore SEA 8. Technical Report on the Other Users of the SEA 8 Area London/ Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC)5 Climate Change Impacts: Settlement, Landuse, IndustryN http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/consultations/SEA_8/SEA8_TechRep_OtherUsers.pdf I J\ Consulting, 2007h Offshore SEA 8. Aerial Surveys for Waterbirds and ?$
Johns, D. 20077 Offshore SEA 8. The Plankton Ecology of the SEA 8 area London/ Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) Climate Change Impacts: SpeciesL http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/consultations/SEA_8/SEA8_TechRep_Plankton.pdf } LSeabirds in South West England and Wales: Autumn 2007 London/ Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) Climate Chl?%
Barton, C.
Pollock, C. 2007 Offshore SEA 8. Technical report on offshore seabirds and waders in the SEA 8 area (including an update of inshore seabird species) London/ Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) Climate Change Impacts: SpeciesW http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/consultations/SEA_8/SEA8_TechRep_Offshore_waterbirds.pdf H H?&
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Barton, C.
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Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis. TL?; Pethick, J. 1993p Shoreline adjustments and coastal management: physical and biological processes under accelerated sea-l ntinue to provide a model for other regions to help guide and evaluate the development of coastal policies.a (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VG5-4TMSNS8-1/2/9f51112d1b123ff57cbabb492075bcc8)# DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2008.09.01 ! [ N?: Smith, R. A. E.. 2008T Validating the LISFLOOD-FP inundation model for f e Ona, USA. We identify the major factors responsible for opening new policy `windows' that address SLR, including how stakeholders have developed an increased understanding of the risks, the extent of public dialogue about potential response strategies, and advances in political receptivity to policy change. Research and policy progress in North Carolina co _
uthampton ABP MerI Climate Change Impacts: Environmental Systems: Nutrients and Contaminants <-sea.org.uk/consultations/SEA_8/SEA8_TechRep_Hydrography.pdf $nal Museum of Wales ISSN 0962-0575 P$ention and control of the water quality alterations by future uses of the area. wevel rise 162-168 The Geographical Journal 159@ Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Climate Change: Regional/Local ?< , de la Vega-Leinert, A. C.
Nicholls, R. J. 2008: Potential implications of sea-level rise for Great Britain 342-357 Journal of Coastal Research 24! Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level F?= French, J. R. 2008r Hydrodynamic modelling of estuarine flood defence realignment as an adaptive management response to sea-level rise Journal of Coastal Research 24 1-12S Adaptation: Coast Defence and Managed Realignment
Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level?> ' Purvis, M.J.
Bates, P. D.
Hayes, C. M. 2008W A probabilistic methodology to estimate future coastal flood risk due to sea level rise 1062-1073 Coastal Engineering 55B Climate Change Impacts: Sea Level
Adaptation: Shoreline Management ?? Zong, Y.
Tooley, M. J. 2003Y A Historical Record of Coastal Floods in Britain: Frequencies and Associated Storm Tracks 13-36 Natural Hazards 29P Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment
Adaptation: Shoreline Management slett, S. K.
Bryant, Edward A. 2007 Reconnaissance of historic (post-AD 1000) high-energy deposits along the Atlantic coasts of southwest Britain, Ireland and Brittany, France 207-220 Marine Geology 242/ Climate Change Impacts: Storminess and Sediment PK dW6I/* * refs.FRM 0 B < ! // ! H PRIMARYyearIndex
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